Introduction: can learning and knowledge creation in organizations really be managed? -- The foundations of mainstream views on learning and knowledge creation in organizations: systems thinking. Mainstream thinking about learning and knowledge creation in organizations. Different levels of learning and knowledge creation in organizations: the individual and the social -- Toward a complexity perspective: the emergence of knowledge in complex responsive processes of relating. The emergence of the individual and the social in communicative interaction. Communicative action in the medium of symbols. The organization of communicative action: rule-based or self-organizing knowledge?