TABLE OF CONTENTS -- History of philosophy and history of ideas -- The rise of modern philosophy -- Rationalism -- Descartes -- The Cartesian revolution -- Spinoza -- Leibniz -- Empiricism -- Locke and Berkeley -- The idea of a moral science -- Hume -- Kant and idealism -- Kant I: the Critique of pure reason -- Kant II: ethics and aesthetics -- Hegel -- Reactions: Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche -- The political transformation -- Political philosophy from Hobbes to Hegel -- Marx -- Utilitarianism and after -- Recent philosophy -- Frege -- Phenomenology and existentialism -- Wittgenstein.