1. The nature of effective leadership -- Sect. I. Efficiency and process reliability -- 2. The challenge of improving efficiency and process reliability -- 3. Leadership behaviors to enhance efficiency and process reliability -- 4. Programs and management systems for improving efficiency and process reliability -- Sect. II. Innovation and adaptation -- 5. The challenge of adapting to the external environment -- 6. Leader behaviors to enhance adaptation -- 7. Programs, systems, and strategies for enhancing adaptation -- Sect. III. Human resources and relations -- 8. The challenge of managing human resources -- 9. Leader behaviors for enhancing human resources -- 10. Programs and management systems for enhancing human resources -- Sect. IV. Finding the right balance -- 11. Multiple challenges and tradeoffs for leaders -- 12. The path to flexible leadership.