I. Topic -- 1. Purpose: the need for clearly stated aims and questions -- 2. Relevance: the need to relate to existing knowledge and needs -- 3. Feasibility: the need to tailor research to fit the resources available -- II. Approach -- 4. Ethics: the need to recognize the rights of those affected by the research -- 5. Objectivity: the need for an open-minded and self-reflective approach -- III. Design -- 6. Design: the need for a plan that is coherent and fit for purpose -- 7. Philosophy: the need to be aware of underlying assumptions -- IV. Methods -- 8. Accuracy: the need for valid data and reliable methods -- 9. Accountability: the need to describe and justify the methodology -- V. Findings -- 10. Generalizations: the need to apply findings to other situations -- 11. Originality: the need to contribute something new to knowledge -- 12. Proof: the need to be cautious about claims based on research findings.