The nature and usefulness of qualitative research for public relations and marketing communications -- Selecting a topic and relating to your supervisor -- Reviewing the literature & writing the research proposal -- Ethical issues and access -- Ensuring the quality of research -- Choosing between different types of research -- Case studies -- Grounded theory -- Ethnography -- Discourse and critical discourse analysis -- Phenomenology -- Additional approaches : historical research and action research -- Sampling -- Interviews -- Focus groups -- Observation -- Written, visual, and multi-media materials -- Analyzing and interpreting the data -- Writing the report -- Mixed methods research -- Finishing off.