Section I The Foundations of modern criminology -- Classical School. On Crimes and punishment / Cesare Beccaria -- Classical School. Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation / Jeremy Bentham -- Positive School. Crime : its causes and remedies / Cesare Lombroso -- Section II. The Chicago School and Derivatives -- Ecological Theory. Juvenile Delinquency and urban areas / Clifford R. Shaw & Henry D. McKay -- Culture Conflict Theory. The conflict of conduct norms / Thorsten Sellin -- Differential Association Theory. Differential association / Edwin H. Sutherland -- Social Learning Theory. A social learning perspective on deviant behavior / Ronald L. Akers -- Section III Strain and Subculture Theories -- Anomie Theory. Social structure and anomie / Robert K. Merton -- Subculture Theory. Delinquent boys / Albert K. Cohen -- Differential Opportunity Theory. Delinquency and opportunity / Richard A. Cloward & Lyod E. Ohlin -- Focal Concern Theory. Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency / Walter B. Miller -- Section IV Labeling Theory -- Outsiders / Howrd S. Becker -- Secondary deviance / Edwin M. Lemert -- Section V Conflict theories -- The social reality of crime / Richard Quinney -- Toward a Marxian theory of deviance / Steven Spitzer -- Political criminality / Austin T. Turk -- Section VI Social Control Theories -- Techniques of Neutralization. Techniques of neutrlization / Gresham M. Sykes & David Matza -- Containment Theory. A new theory of delinquency and crime / Walter C. Reckless -- Social Control Theory. A control theory of delinquency / Travis Hirischi -- Section VII Contemporary Perspectives -- Routine Activity Theory. A routine activity approach / Lawrence E. Cohen & Marcus Felson -- Female Criminality. The etiology of female crime / Dorie Klein.