Introduction -- Instruments and social inquiry -- Measurement -- Instrument construction, validity, and reliability -- Purposeful creativity : first steps in the development of an instrument -- Pretesting -- The structure and format of selection items -- Guidelines for writing selection items -- Selection items : alternative formats -- Supply items : open-ended questions -- Guidelines for constructing multi-item scales -- Organizing the instrument -- Administering the instrument -- Computers and instrument construction -- Managing the data and reporting the results.