Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 2.African Countries' National Perspectives on Various Intellectual Property Issues -- Introduction -- Scope of Protection of Patents -- Disclosure Requirements -- Exclusions from Patentability -- Exceptions to Patent Rights -- Compulsory Licensing in the Field of Patents -- Non-Traditional Marks -- Well-Known Marks Protection -- Trademarks and the Internet -- Exceptions and Limitations to Breeders' Rights -- Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions, and Genetic Resources -- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -- Conclusion -- 3.African Regional Intellectual Property Systems and Regional Initiatives -- The African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) -- Background -- Protocol on Patents and Industrial Designs within the Framework of the ARIPO -- The Banjul Protocol on Marks -- The AR1PO-PCT Relationship --

Contents note continued: African Intellectual Property Organization (Organisation Africaine de la Propriete Intellectuelle) (OAPI) -- Background -- Patents -- Trademarks and Service Marks -- Protection of Plant Varieties -- African Regional Initiatives -- Protocol on the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Folklore adopted by the ARIPO on August 9, 2010 -- Introduction -- Protection of traditional knowledge -- Criteria of protection -- Beneficiaries -- Rights conferred -- Equitable benefit-sharing -- Exceptions and limitations -- Compulsory licenses -- Duration of protection -- Protection of expressions of folklore -- Criteria of protection -- Beneficiaries -- Protection of expressions of folklore against unlawful acts -- Exceptions and limitations -- Duration of protection -- The ARIPO Draft Protocol on Plant Varieties Protection -- Preamble -- Purpose -- Genera and species to be protected -- Conditions of protection --

Contents note continued: Persons entitled to apply for protection -- Granting and rejection of the plant breeders' right -- Scope of the plant breeders' right -- Exceptions to the plant breeders' right -- Exhaustion of the plant breeders' right -- Restrictions on the exercise of the plant breeders' right -- Duration of the plant breeders' right -- Appeals and enforcement procedures -- Transitional provisions -- The African Model Law for the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Regulation of Access to Biological Resources -- Objectives -- Scope -- Access to biological resources -- Community rights -- Farmers' rights -- Plant breeders' rights -- The AU Model Law on Biosafety -- Preamble -- Objectives -- Scope -- National Biosafety Committee -- Application -- Risk assessment -- Identification and labeling -- Export -- Liability and redress -- Community rights for GMO-free zones -- Conclusion --

Contents note continued: The Establishment of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organization -- The African Intellectual Property Organizations: necessity of adopting one uniform system for all Africa -- Discussions on the establishment of PAIPO -- Background and premise to the adoption -- Final Draft Statute of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organization (PAIPO) -- Preamble -- The way forward -- Conclusion -- 4.African Initiatives at the International Level -- Introduction -- Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions or Expressions of Folklore, and Genetic Resources -- Work Done Within WIPO -- Background and premises to the debates -- African initiatives, positions, and proposals in the context of the IGC -- The pre-text-based negotiation period -- Text-based negotiations -- Current status of the negotiations -- Traditional cultural expressions -- Subject matter of protection -- Beneficiaries -- Scope of protection -- Exceptions and limitations --

Contents note continued: Term of protection -- Other matters -- Traditional knowledge -- Subject matter of protection -- Beneficiaries -- Scope of protection -- Scope of protection and sanctions -- Exceptions and limitations -- Term of protection -- Other matters -- Genetic resources -- Traditional knowledge and the public domain -- Conclusion -- Work Done Within the WTO -- Background and premises to debates -- African main positions relating to the review of Article 27.3(b), the relationship between the TRIPs Agreement and the CBD, and protection of traditional knowledge and folklore -- The relationship between the TRIPs Agreement and the CBD -- An effective sui generis system -- Protection of traditional knowledge and folklore -- Current status of the debate -- Proposal on the Disclosure of Origin of Biological/Genetic Resources and/or Associated Traditional Knowledge -- Draft Modalities Text for TRIPs related issues -- Conclusion -- Patents and Public Health -- Introduction --

Contents note continued: African Contributions within the WTO in the Context of Patents and Public Health -- Background and premises to the debates -- The Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health -- Decision of the General Council of WTO of August 30, 2003 implementing Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health -- The Protocol Amending the TRIPs Agreement -- Conclusion -- African Contributions within WHO in the Context of Public Health, Innovation and Patents -- Background and premises to the debates -- Final report and recommendations of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health of 2006 -- The Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property -- Collaboration among WHO, WTO, and WIPO on public health and patents -- Draft Resolution on Counterfeit Medical Products -- Conclusion -- Patents and Public Health within WIPO --

Contents note continued: Tripartite cooperation between WHO-WIPO-WTO -- Patents and health in the WIPO Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (SCP) -- Joint proposal by the African Group and the Development Agenda Group, SCP Work Program on Patents and Health -- Patents and Health: the US proposal -- Other Contributions of WIPO in the Field of Patents and Health -- Exceptions and Limitations to Copyright -- Background and Premises to the Debates -- Proposals on Exceptions and Limitations and Debated Issues from 2009 to 2012 -- Exceptions and limitations for visually impaired persons/persons with print disabilities and other reading disabilities -- Proposal of Brazil, Ecuador and Paraguay -- Proposal of the United States of America -- Proposal of the European Union -- International Instrument on Limitations and Exceptions for Visually Impaired Persons/Persons with Print Disabilities: Proposal of the Chair -- Exceptions and limitations for libraries and archives --

Contents note continued: Proposal on Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries and Archives submitted by Brazil, Ecuador and Uruguay -- Proposal on Objectives and Principles for Exceptions and Limitations for Libraries and Archives submitted by the United States of America -- The Case for a Treaty on Exceptions and Limitations for Libraries and Archives: Background Paper by IFLA, ICA, EIFL, and INNOVARTE -- Provisional Working Document Containing Comments on and Textual Suggestions Towards an Appropriate International Legal Instrument (in whatever form) on Exceptions and Limitations for Libraries and Archives -- Exceptions and limitations to copyright for educational, teaching, and research institutions -- The proposal of Brazil -- The proposal of Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay -- Provisional Working Document -- Proposal of the African Group: Draft WIPO Treaty on Exceptions and Limitations for the Disabled, Educational and Research Institutions, Libraries and Archive Centers --

Contents note continued: African Positions on Selected International Intellectual Property Issues -- Protection of Life Forms -- Patenting of Micro-organisms and Non-Biological and Microbiological Processes -- Research Exemption/Exception -- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -- Conclusions on Chapter 4 -- 5.General Conclusions.