Machine generated contents note: 1.Neurons, Neurotransmission and Communication -- How the nervous system is organized -- Cells of the nervous system -- The neuron -- Neuroglial cells -- Information exchange in the nervous system -- The resting membrane potential -- The action potential and nerve impulse -- Summation effects -- Synaptic transmission -- The synaptic vesicle -- Modulation of synaptic transmission -- Non-synaptic chemical communication -- Postsynaptic receptors and receptor types -- Neurotransmitters -- The amino acids -- Monoamines -- Acetylcholine -- Neuropeptides and neuromodulators -- Soluble gases -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 2.Neuroanatomy and Brain Mapping -- Anatomical terms of location -- Brodmann areas -- Planes of section -- The central nervous system -- Basic brain structure -- The hindbrain -- The midbrain -- The forebrain -- Cerebral cortex or neocortex -- Ventricular system -- Spinal cord -- The peripheral nervous system --

Contents note continued: Spinal nerves -- Cranial nerves -- The autonomic nervous system -- Brain mapping techniques -- Lesion techniques -- Electrical recording -- Structural imaging techniques -- Functional imaging techniques -- Neurochemical techniques -- Behavioural genetic techniques -- Neuropsychological techniques -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 3.Genes and Evolution -- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -- Ribonucleic acid [RNA] -- DNA replication -- Cell division -- Mitosis -- Meiosis -- Protein synthesis -- Pre-initiation complex and promoters -- RNA synthesis -- Transcription regulation -- Translation -- Genetic mutations -- Sex cells -- Influence of the environment on gene expression -- The evolution of the nervous system -- Diffuse nervous systems -- Centralised nervous systems: cephalised -- Centralised nervous systems: compartmentalised -- Centralised nervous systems: complex compartmentalised -- The vertebrate system -- The primitive state --

Contents note continued: Encephalisation -- Dominance of the cerebrum -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 4.Development and Plasticity of the Brain -- The emergence of the nervous system -- Induction -- Proliferation -- Migration -- Aggregation -- Differentiation and axon growth -- Synaptogenesis -- Selective cell death -- Functional validation -- Developmental abnormalities -- Spina bifida -- Anencephaly -- Microcephaly -- Macrocephaly -- Down syndrome -- Phenylketonuria [PKU] -- Fragile X syndrome -- Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS] -- Neural plasticity -- Effects of visual deprivation on ocular dominance -- The critical period -- Neuronal regeneration -- Contralateral sprouting -- Denervation supersensitivity -- Reorganisation of sensory representations -- Regenerating the nervous system: cell transplantations -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 5.Visual System -- The eye -- The retina -- Photoreceptors: rods and cones --

Contents note continued: Transduction of visual information -- Major types of ganglion cell -- Horizontal cells -- Amacrine cells -- Pathways of the eye and brain -- Analysis of information: the visual cortex -- Dorsal and ventral streams -- Recognition of objects -- Secondary visual cortex -- The perception of colour, motion and depth -- Colour vision -- Motion perception -- The binding problem -- Disorders of object perception -- Visual agnosia -- Apperceptive agnosia -- Associative agnosia -- Blindsight -- Hemispatial neglect -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 6.Non-Visual Sensory Systems -- Sensory processing -- The somatosenses -- Skin receptors -- Spinal cord -- Dermatome -- Somatosensory pathways -- Conscious sensation -- Unconscious sensation -- Gate theory of pain -- Somatosensory cortex -- Auditory system -- The ear -- Transduction of sound wave to nerve signal -- Neural connections and the pathway to auditory cortex -- Primary auditory cortex --

Contents note continued: Detection of frequency -- Perception of amplitude -- Music perception -- Hearing loss: deafness -- Balance: the vestibular system -- Chemical senses -- Taste -- Olfaction -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 7.Motor Control and Movement -- The mechanics of movement control -- Striated or skeletal muscle -- Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle -- Structure of striated or skeletal muscle -- Tendon organs -- Muscle spindles -- Spinal reflexes -- Renshaw cells -- Gamma motor system -- Movement controlled by the cortex -- Primary motor cortex (M1) -- Secondary motor cortex -- Posterior parietal cortex -- Motor pathways -- Pathways originating in cortex -- Pathways originating in subcortex -- Cerebellum -- The structure of the cerebellum -- Inputs and outputs to the cerebellum -- The cerebellum circuits -- Basal ganglia -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 8.The Biopsychology of Motivation -- Motives -- Eating --

Contents note continued: The role of the hypothalamus in hunger and satiety -- Paraventricular and arcuate nuclei -- Glucostatic principle -- Ghrelin -- Environmental factors in eating -- The Lipostatic theory -- Set point theory -- Genetics and obesity -- Eating disorders -- Anorexia nervosa -- Bulimia nervosa -- Drinking -- Dry mouth theory -- Osmotic thirst -- Hypovolemic thirst -- Reproductive behaviour -- Development of the reproductive organs -- Sex differences in the brain -- Role of SDN in the management of male sexual behaviours -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 9.Sleep and Biological Rhythms -- Biological rhythms -- The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN] -- Influence of light-dark cycle -- How much sleep do people require? -- Measuring sleep -- Sleep stages -- REM sleep -- Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO] waves -- Sequences of NREM and REM sleep -- Neural mechanisms of sleep -- Passive sleep theory -- Active reticular activation system theory -- Hypothalamus --

Contents note continued: Basal forebrain -- Raphe nucleus -- Theories regarding reasons for sleep -- Evolutionary theory of sleep -- Repair and restoration theory of sleep -- Information consolidation theory of sleep -- Sleep disorders -- Insomnia -- Sleep-related breathing disorders: sleep apnoea -- Hypersomnia: narcolepsy -- Circadian rhythm sleep disorders -- Parasomnias -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 10.Biopsychology of Emotions, Stress and Health -- Biopsychology of emotions -- Darwin's theory -- James-Lange theory -- Cannon-Bard theory -- Schachter-Singer theory -- Sham rage -- Anatomy of emotions: the limbic system -- Limbic system and Papez circuit -- Hippocampus -- Amygdala -- Thalamus -- Hypothalamus -- Cingulate gyrus -- Ventral tegmental area -- Septum -- Prefrontal area -- Insula -- Cerebral hemispheres and emotion -- Emotions and facial expressions -- Primary and secondary facial emotions -- Facial feedback hypothesis -- Duchenne smile --

Contents note continued: Fear, attack and escape behaviours -- Attack behaviours -- Heredity and aggression -- Neurotransmitters and hormones -- Testosterone -- Glucocorticoids -- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -- Serotonin -- Stress and health theories relating to stress -- General adaptation model -- How the body reacts to stress -- The immune system -- Psychoneuroimmunology (PIN) -- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 11.Memory, Learning and Amnesia -- Processing of information -- Sensory memory -- Short-term memory -- Working memory -- Long-term memory -- Reinforcement -- Classical conditioning -- Instrumental or operant conditioning -- Neural mechanisms of reinforcement -- Hebbian theory -- Learning in Aplysia -- Brain areas involved in memory -- The hippocampus -- Second messenger systems and memory -- The cellular basis of memory: Long-term potentiation -- Other brain structures associated with memory --

Contents note continued: Disorders of memory: amnesia -- Anterograde amnesia -- Retrograde amnesia -- Psychogenic or functional amnesia -- Case study: Clive Wearing -- Case study: Henry Gustav Molaison -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 12.Lateralisation and Language -- Lateralisation of brain function -- Split-brain patients -- Language -- Involvement of the right hemisphere in language -- Is language innate or do we Learn it? -- Speech production -- Broca's aphasia -- Speech comprehension -- Wernicke's aphasia -- The Wernicke-Geschwind model -- The bilingual brain -- Other disorders of speech production -- Fluent aphasias -- Non-fluent aphasias -- Apraxia of speech -- Verbal auditory agnosia -- Reading -- Writing -- Disorders of reading and writing -- Alexia and agraphia -- Dysgraphia -- Dyslexia -- Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions -- 13.Biological Basis of Behaviour Disorders -- Diagnosis of affective disorders -- Depression -- Major depression --

Contents note continued: Dysthymia -- Bipolar disorders -- Cyclothymia -- Causes of depression -- Genetics -- Neurochemistry and depression -- Neuroanatomy of depression -- The role of the HPA system in depression -- Treatment of depression -- Schizophrenia -- Course of schizophrenia -- The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia -- The NMDA and glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia -- Brain damage and schizophrenia -- Neurological disorders -- The neurological examination -- Dementia: Alzheimer's disease -- Classification of Alzheimer's disease -- Assessment of Alzheimer's disease -- Neurotransmitters and ACH hypothesis -- APP and amyloid-beta hypothesis -- Tau hypothesis -- Presenilins -- Apolipoprotein E hypothesis -- Movement disorder: Parkinson's disease -- Signs and symptoms -- Assessment of Parkinson's disease -- Causes of Parkinson's disease -- Neural structures involved in Parkinson's disease -- Motor circuit in Parkinson's disease -- Management of Parkinson's disease --

Contents note continued: Summary -- Further reading -- Key questions.