Machine generated contents note: 1.An Introduction to the Research Process -- Overview -- The Research Process -- Concepts and Variables -- Levels of Measurement -- Hypothesis Testing -- Evidence-Based Practice -- Research Designs -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 2.Computer-Assisted Analysis -- Overview -- Overview of the Three Statistical Packages -- Introduction to SPSS -- Setting out Your Variables for Within- and Between-Group Designs -- Introduction to R -- Introduction to SAS -- Summary -- Exercises -- 3.Descriptive Statistics -- Overview -- Analysing Data -- Descriptive Statistics -- Numerical Descriptive Statistics -- Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency -- Measures of Variation or Dispersion -- Deviations from the Mean -- Numerical Descriptives in SPSS -- Graphical Statistics -- Bar Charts -- Line Graphs -- Incorporating Variability into Graphs -- Generating Graphs with Standard Deviations in SPSS -- Graphs Showing Dispersion - Frequency Histogram --

Contents note continued: Box-Plots -- Summary -- SPSS Exercise -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 4.The Basis of Statistical Testing -- Overview -- Introduction -- Samples and Populations -- Distributions -- Statistical Significance -- Criticisms of NHST -- Generating Confidence Intervals in SPSS -- Summary -- SPSS Exercise -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 5.Epidemiology -- Overview -- Introduction -- Estimating the Prevalence of Disease -- Difficulties in Estimating Prevalence -- Beyond Prevalence: Identifying Risk Factors for Disease -- Risk Ratios -- The Odds-Ratio -- Establishing Causality -- Case-Control Studies -- Cohort Studies -- Experimental Designs -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 6.Introduction to Data Screening and Cleaning -- Overview -- Introduction -- Minimising Problems at the Design Stage -- Entering Data into Databases/Statistical Packages -- The Dirty Dataset -- Accuracy -- Using Descriptive Statistics to Help Identify Errors -- Missing Data --

Contents note continued: Spotting Missing Data -- Normality -- Screening Groups Separately -- Reporting Data Screening and Cleaning Procedures -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 7.Differences Between Two Groups -- Overview -- Introduction -- Conceptual Description of the t-Tests -- Generalising to the Population -- Independent Groups t-Test in SPSS -- Cohen's d -- Paired t-Test in SPSS -- Two-Sample z-Test -- Non-Parametric Tests -- Mann-Whitney: for Independent Groups -- Mann-Whitney Test in SPSS -- Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: for Repeated Measures -- Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test in SPSS -- Adjusting for Multiple Tests -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 8.Differences Between Three or More Conditions -- Overview -- Introduction -- Conceptual Description of the (Parametric) ANOVA -- One-Way ANOVA -- One-way ANOVA in SPSS -- ANOVA Models for Repeated-Measures Designs -- Repeated-Measures ANOVA in SPSS -- Non-Parametric Equivalents -- The Kruskal-Wallis Test --

Contents note continued: Kruskal-Wallis and the Median Test in SPSS -- The Median Test -- Friedman's ANOVA for Repeated Measures -- Friedman's ANOVA in SPSS -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 9.Testing Associations Between Categorical Variables -- Overview -- Introduction -- Rationale of Contingency Table Analysis -- Running the Analysis in SPSS -- Measuring Effect Size in Contingency Table Analysis -- Larger Contingency Tables -- Contingency Table Analysis Assumptions -- The Χ2 Goodness-of-Fit Test -- Running the Χ2 Goodness-of-Fit Test Using SPSS -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 10.Measuring Agreement: Correlational Techniques -- Overview -- Introduction -- Bivariate Relationships -- Perfect Correlations -- Calculating the Correlation Pearson's r Using SPSS -- How to Obtain Scatterplots -- Variance Explanation of r -- Obtaining Correlational Analysis in SPSS: Exercise -- Partial Correlations --

Contents note continued: Shared and Unique Variance: Conceptual Understanding Relating to Partial Correlations -- Spearman's rho -- Other Uses for Correlational Techniques -- Reliability of Measures -- Internal Consistency -- Inter-Rater Reliability -- Validity -- Percentage Agreement -- Cohen's Kappa -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 11.Linear Regression -- Overview -- Introduction -- Linear Regression in SPSS -- Obtaining the Scatterplot with Regression Line and Confidence Intervals in SPSS -- Assumptions Underlying Linear Regression -- Dealing with Outliers -- What Happens if the Correlation between X and Y is Near Zero? -- Using Regression to Predict Missing Data in SPSS -- Prediction of Missing Scores on Cognitive Failures in SPSS -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 12.Standard Multiple Regression -- Overview -- Introduction -- Multiple Regression in SPSS -- Variables in the Equation -- The Regression Equation -- Predicting an Individual's Score --

Contents note continued: Hypothesis Testing -- Other Types of Multiple Regression -- Hierarchical Multiple Regression -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 13.Logistic Regression -- Overview -- Introduction -- The Conceptual Basis of Logistic Regression -- Writing up the Result -- Logistic Regression with Multiple Predictor Variables -- Logistic Regression with Categorical Predictors -- Categorical Predictors with Three or More Levels -- Summary -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 14.Interventions and Analysis of Change -- Overview -- Interventions -- How Do We Know Whether Interventions Are Effective? -- Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) -- Designing an RCT: CONSORT -- The CONSORT Flow Chart -- Important Features of an RCT -- Blinding -- Analysis of RCTs -- Running an ANCOVA in SPSS -- McNemar's Test of Change -- Running McNemar's Test in SPSS -- The Sign Test -- Running the Sign Test Using SPSS -- Intention to Treat Analysis -- Crossover Designs --

Contents note continued: Single-Case Designs (N = 1) -- Generating Single-Case Design Graphs Using SPSS -- Summary -- SPSS Exercise -- Multiple Choice Questions -- 15.Survival Analysis: An Introduction -- Overview -- Introduction -- Survival Curves -- The Kaplan-Meier Survival Function -- Kaplan-Meier Survival Analyses in SPSS -- Comparing Two Survival Curves - the Mantel-Cox Test -- Mantel-Cox Using SPSS -- Hazard -- Hazard Curves -- Hazard Functions in SPSS -- Writing Up a Survival Analysis -- Summary -- SPSS Exercise -- Multiple Choice Questions.