1. Introduction -- Global urban sanitation challenges -- Ecological and sustainable sanitation -- Motivation for an ecological design in China -- Site selection -- Project organization -- The planning process -- Implementation process -- 2. Designed to close the loop -- Faeces system -- Urine system -- Greywater system -- Solid waste system -- 3. Operations and maintenance -- Organization -- Household level -- Systems level -- Operating costs -- Environmental impacts -- Health risks -- 4. Research and development -- Toilet model improvements -- Ventilation retrofitting -- Reuse -- 5. Social acceptance -- Living with dry toilets -- Road to flush toilets with onsite treatment -- 6. Lessons learned -- Institutional arrangements -- Technology development -- Social issues and stakeholders -- External factors -- Tipping points -- Killing factors -- Lessons learned and ways forward.