Machine generated contents note: 1.Sounds and Languages -- 1.1.Languages Come and Go -- 1.2.The Evolving Sounds of Languages -- 1.3.Language and Speech -- 1.4.Describing Speech Sounds -- 1.5.Summary -- 2.Pitch and Loudness -- 2.1.Tones -- 2.2.English Intonation -- 2.3.The Vocal Folds -- 2.4.Loudness Differences -- 2.5.Summary -- 3.Vowel Contrasts -- 3.1.Sets of Vowels and Standard Forms of a Language -- 3.2.English Vowels -- 3.3.Summary -- 4.The Sounds of Vowels -- 4.1.Acoustic Structure of Vowels -- 4.2.The Acoustic Vowel Space -- 4.3.Spectrographic Displays -- 4.4.Summary -- 5.Charting Vowels -- 5.1.Formants One and Two -- 5.2.Accents of English -- 5.3.Formant Three -- 5.4.Summary -- 6.The Sounds of Consonants -- 6.1.Consonant Contrasts -- 6.2.Stop Consonants -- 6.3.Approximants -- 6.4.Nasals -- 6.5.Fricatives -- 6.6.Summary -- 7.Acoustic Components of Speech -- 7.1.The Principal Acoustic Components -- 7.2.Synthesizing Speech -- 7.3.Summary -- 8.Talking Computers --

Contents note continued: 8.1.Words in Context -- 8.2.Our Implicit Knowledge -- 8.3.Synthesizing Sounds from a Phonetic Transcription -- 8.4.Applications -- 8.5.Summary -- 9.Listening Computers -- 9.1.Patterns of Sound -- 9.2.The Basis of Computer Speech Recognition -- 9.3.Special Context Speech Recognizers -- 9.4.Recognizing Running Speech -- 9.5.Different Accents and Different Voices -- 9.6.More for the Computationally Curious -- 9.7.Summary -- 10.How We Listen to Speech -- 10.1.Confusable Sounds -- 10.2.Sound Prototypes -- 10.3.Tackling the Problem -- 10.4.Finding Words -- 10.5.Social Interactions -- 10.6.Summary -- 10.7.Further Reading and Sources -- 11.Making English Consonants -- 11.1.Acoustics and Articulation -- 11.2.The Vocal Organs -- 11.3.Places and Manners of Articulation -- 11.4.Describing Consonants -- 11.5.Summary -- 12.Making English Vowels -- 12.1.Movements of the Tongue and Lips for Vowels -- 12.2.Muscles Controlling the Tongue and Lips --

Contents note continued: 12.3.Traditional Descriptions of Vowels -- 12.4.Summary -- 13.Actions of the Larynx -- 13.1.The Larynx -- 13.2.Voiced and Voiceless Sounds -- 13.3.Voicing and Aspiration -- 13.4.Glottal Stops -- 13.5.Breathy Voice -- 13.6.Creaky Voice -- 13.7.Further Differences in Vocal Fold Vibrations -- 13.8.Ejectives -- 13.9.Implosives -- 13.10.Recording Data from the Larynx -- 13.11.Summary -- 14.Consonants Around the World -- 14.1.Phonetic Fieldwork -- 14.2.Well-Known Consonants -- 14.3.More Places of Articulation -- 14.4.More Manners of Articulation -- 14.5.Clicks -- 14.6.Summary -- 15.Vowels Around the World -- 15.1.Types of Vowels -- 15.2.Lip Rounding -- 15.3.Nasalized Vowels -- 15.4.Voice Quality -- 15.5.Summary -- 16.Putting Vowels and Consonants Together -- 16.1.The Speed of Speech -- 16.2.Slips of the Tongue -- 16.3.The Alphabet -- 16.4.The International Phonetic Alphabet -- 16.5.Contrasting Sounds -- 16.6.Features that Matter within a Language --

Contents note continued: 16.7.Summary.