Summary

Globalization creates new challenges for citizenship: boundaries are being blurred and nation-state powers eroded. Millions of people have multiple citizenship, millions more lack citizenship of their country of residence. Cultural heterogeneity is escalating. There are increasing numbers of citizens who do not belong. This undermines the nation-state as the central site of democracy. New approaches are needed, which take account of complex identities and transnational belonging, and which allow for democratic control of power at all its proliferating levels.