Machine derived contents note: Chapter 1 Water, a scarce commodity -- In tro d u ctio n 1 -- Population explosion 2 -- Chapter 2 The basic needs approach to development thinking -- B asic needs 4 -- Environment and development 6 -- A few critical notes 6 -- D evelopm ent and the poor 8 -- UN Millennium Declaration 8 -- The concepts of natural resources and environment 9 -- Chapter 3 The hydrologic cycle I -- In tro d u ctio n 10 -- Water, a multipurpose resource 12 -- Water problems 12 -- Global warming 3 -- El Nifio, La Nifia and climate variation 14 -- Chapter 4 The hydrologic cycle II -- R iv er b asin s 16 -- Water balance in river basins 16 -- Chapter 5 Water availability and water demand in South Africa -- Factors influencing water supply and demand 18 -- T he situation w orldw ide 21 -- Chapter 6 Water supply and demand management -- Introduction 22 -- International cooperation 24 -- Developments in water resource management 25 -- Changes in international water policy 26 -- T he new W ater A ct 26 -- Environmental considerations and requirements 27 -- Potential of WC and WDM measures 28 -- Uncontrolled growth of community settlement and land invasion 29 -- Notes on the "depletion effect" 29 -- Chapter 7 The water market and government intervention -- W ater, a public good 31 -- Non-rivalry and non-excludability 31 -- Private enterprise and the state 32 -- Water allocation in South Africa 33 -- Groundwater uses 34. -- Water pricing strategy 35 -- Public auction 36 -- Market exchange of water use rights 37 -- Chapter 8 Cost-benefit analysis -- Discounting future costs and benefits 40 -- Calculating NPV - the use of discounting techniques in CBA 40 -- CBA and the distribution of costs and benefits 41 -- CBA usage questionable 41 -- H um anitarian and political considerations 42 -- Chapter 9 Welfare economic considerations -- W elfare economics 44 -- W ater pricing in South A frica 45 -- T he South A frican w ater situation 46 -- Chapter 10 Pricing of water -- Basics of the analysis 48 -- The social welfare function 50 -- U tilitarianism 50 -- Weighted utilitarianism 50 -- Residential water demand 51 -- The short-term demand structure 51 -- Conditions for price discrimination 52 -- The non-regulated or competitive business firm 53 -- Monopoly power 54 -- C o sts 54 -- T h e su p p ly o f w ater 56 -- The utilitarian social welfare function 56 -- The weighted utilitarian welfare function 57 -- Comparing IBT water pricing structures 58 -- The com parative statics of the m odel 58 -- Increased marginal costs 60 -- The budget constraint of the water utility 60 -- Discussion and policy implications 60 -- Chapter 11 Water pricing, practice and problems -- T h e IB T sy stem 6 3 -- W h o b en efits? 64 -- W ater pricing in other countries 64 -- South East Asia 64 -- The Middle East and North Africa 66 -- Australia's residential water rating system 67 -- Water pricing policy in Europe 68 -- Weaknesses in South Africa's water delivery programme 69 -- Africa: water, health and development 70 -- Issues related to w ater scarcity in A frica 70 -- Appendix 1 Defining poverty 2 72 -- Appendix 2 Marginal cost pricing 74 -- R efe ren ce s 7 6 -- In d ex 7 9.