Pt.I Theory and concepts -- 1. Robert K. Merton (1938),'Social structure and anomie', American Sociological Review,3, pp. 672-82 -- 2. Walter B. Miller (1959),'Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency',Journal of Social Issues, 14, pp. 5-19 -- 3. Lewis Yablonski (1959),'The delinquent gang as a near-group', Social Problems, 7, pp. 108-17 -- 4. Malcolm W. Klein and Lois Y. Crawford (1967),'Groups, gangs, and coehesiveness',Journal of Research in Crime and delinquency, 30, pp. 63-75 -- 5. Robert M. Gordon (2000),'Criminal business organizations,street gangs and "wanna-be" groups : a Vancouver perspective', Canadian Journal of Criminology, January, pp. 39-60 -- Pt. II The history and development of gangs -- 6. Anne Campbell,Steven Munce and John Galea (1982),'American gangs and British subcultures : a comparison', International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 26, pp. 76-89 -- 7. R.G. Whitfield (1982), 'American gangs and British subcultures: a commentary', International Journal of Offender therapy and Comparative Criminology, 26, pp. 90-92 -- 8. Judith Bessant (1995),"Hanging around the street" : Australian rockers, sharpies and skinheads of the 1960s and early 1970s', Journal of Australian studies, 45, pp. 15-31 -- 9. Cheryl L. Maxson,Kristi J. Woods and Malcolm W. Klein (1996),'Street gang migration : how big a threat?', National Institute of Justice Journal, 230, pp. 26-31 -- 10. Andrew davies (1998),'Youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford', Journal of Social History, 32, pp. 349-69 -- 11. Christopher Adamson (2000),'Defensive localism in white and black : a comparative history of European-American and African-American youth gangs', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, pp. 272-98 -- 12. Scott Poynting, Greg Noble and Paul Tabar (2001), 'Middle eastern appearances : "Ethnic gangs",Moral panic and media framing', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminonolgy, 34, pp. 67-90.

Pt. III gangs and crime -- 13. Ruth horowitz and Gary Schwartz (1974) , 'Honor, normative ambiguity and gang violence', American Sociological Review, 39, pp. 238-51 -- 14. Ruth Horowitz (1987), 'Community tolerance of gang violence', Social Problems, 34, pp. 437-50 -- 15. Jacqueline L. Schneider (2001), 'niche crime : the columbus gangs study', American Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, pp. 93-105 -- 16. scott H. Decker and G. David Curry (2002), 'Gangs, gang homicides, and gang loyalty : organized crimes or disorganized criminals', Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, pp. 342-52 -- 17. Anthony A. braga (2003), 'Serious youth gun offenders and the epidemic of youth violence in Boston', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, pp. 33-54 -- Pt. IV Drugs and gangs -- 18. Jeffrey Fagan (1989), 'The social organization of drug use and drug dealing among urban gangs, Criminology, 27, pp. 633-69 -- 19. Malcolm W. Klein, Cheryl L. Maxson and Lea C. Cunningham (1991), '"Crack," street gangs and violence', Criminology, 29 pp. 623-50 -- 20. John M. Hagedorn (1994), 'Neighborhoods, markets, and gang drug organization', Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, pp. 264-94 -- Pt. V Girls and gangs -- 21. Anne Campbell (1984), 'Girls' talk : the social representation of aggression by female gang members', Criminal justice and Behavior, 11, pp. 139-56 -- 22. Meda Chesney-Lind (1993), 'Girls, gangs and violence : anatomy of a backlash', Humanity and Society, 17, pp.321-44 -- 23. Karen Joe Laidler and Geofrey Hunt (2001), 'Accomplishing feminity among the girls in the gang', British Journal of Criminology, 41, pp. 656-78.

Pt. VI Policy and practice -- 24. John M. Hagedorn (1991), 'Gangs, neighborhoods, and public policy', Social Problems, 38, pp. 529-42 -- 25. Irving A. Spergel and Susan F. Grossman (1997), 'The little village project : a community approach to the gang problem', Social Work, 41, pp. 456-70 -- 26. Eric J. Fritsch, Tory J. Caeti and Robert W. taylor (1999), 'Gang suppression through saturation patrol, aggressive curfew, and truancy enforcement : a quasi-experimental test of the Dallas anti-gang initiative', Crime and Delinquency, 45, pp. 122-39 -- 27. Karl G. Hill, James C. Howell, J. David Hawkins and Sara R. Battin-Pearson (1999), 'Childhood risk factors for adolescent gang membership : results from the Seattle social development project', Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, pp. 300-22 -- 28. Anthony Braga, David M. Kennedy, Elin J. Waring and Anne Morrison Piehl (2001) , 'Problem-priented policing, deterrence, and youth violence : an evaluation of Boston's operation ceasefire', Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, pp. 195-225 -- 29. Karen Bullock and Nick Tilley (2002), 'Shootings, gangs and violent incidents in Manchester: developing a crime reduction strategy', Home office Crime Reduction Research Series, paper 13 (Briefing note) pp. 1-2.