Basic Concepts and Computer Evolution -- Organization and Architecture -- Structure and Function -- Brief History of Computers -- Evolution of the Intel x86 Architecture -- Embedded Systems -- Arm Architecture -- Cloud Computing -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Performance Issues -- Designing for Performance -- Multicore, Mics, and GPGPUs -- Two Laws that Provide Insight: Ahmdahl's Law and Litde's Law -- Basic Measures of Computer Performance -- Calculating the Mean -- Benchmarks and Spec -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Top-Level View of Computer Function and Interconnection -- Computer Components -- Computer Function -- Interconnection Structures -- Bus Interconnection -- Point-to-Point Interconnect --

PCI Express -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Cache Memory -- Computer Memory System Overview -- Cache Memory Principles -- Elements of Cache Design -- Pentium 4 Cache Organization -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Appendix 4A Performance Characteristics of Two-Level Memories -- Internal Memory -- Semiconductor Main Memory -- Error Correction -- DDR DRAM -- Flash Memory -- Newer Nonvolatile Solid-State Memory Technologies -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- External Memory -- Magnetic Disk -- RAID -- Solid State Drives -- Optical Memory -- Magnetic Tape -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Input/Output -- External Devices -- I/O Modules -- Programmed I/O -- Interrupt-Driven I/O --

Direct Memory Access -- Direct Cache Access -- I/O Channels and Processors -- External Interconnection Standards -- IBM zEnterprise EC12 I/O Structure -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Operating System Support -- Operating System Overview -- Scheduling -- Memory Management -- Intel x86 Memory Management -- Arm Memory Management -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Number Systems -- Decimal System -- Positional Number Systems -- Binary System -- Converting Between Binary and Decimal -- Hexadecimal Notation -- Key Terms and Problems -- Computer Arithmetic -- Arithmetic and Logic Unit -- Integer Representation -- Integer Arithmetic -- Floating-Point Representation -- Floating-Point Arithmetic --

Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Digital Logic -- Boolean Algebra -- Gates -- Combinational Circuits -- Sequential Circuits -- Programmable Logic Devices -- Key Terms and Problems -- Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions -- Machine Instruction Characteristics -- Types of Operands -- Intel x86 and ARM Data Types -- Types of Operations -- Intel x86 and ARM Operation Types -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Appendix 12A Little-, Big-, and Bi-Endian -- Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats -- Addressing Modes -- x86 and ARM Addressing Modes -- Instruction Formats -- x86 and ARM Instruction Formats -- Assembly Language -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Processor Structure and Function --

Processor Organization -- Register Organization -- Instruction Cycle -- Instruction Pipelining -- x86 Processor Family -- ARM Processor -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Reduced Instruction Set Computers -- Instruction Execution Characteristics -- Use of a Large Register File -- Compiler-Based Register Optimization -- Reduced Instruction Set Architecture -- RISC Pipelining -- MIPS R4000 -- SPARC -- RISC versus CISC Controversy -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Instruction-Level Parallelism and Superscalar Processors -- Overview -- Design Issues -- Intel Core Microarchitecture -- ARM Cortex-A8 -- ARM Cortex-M3 -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Parallel Processing --

Multiple Processor Organizations -- Symmetric Multiprocessors -- Cache Coherence and the MESI Protocol -- Multithreading and Chip Multiprocessors -- Clusters -- Nonuniform Memory Access -- Cloud Computing -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Multicore Computers -- Hardware Performance Issues -- Software Performance Issues -- Multicore Organization -- Heterogeneous Multicore Organization -- Intel Core i7-990X -- ARM Cortex-A15 MPCore -- IBM zEnterprise EC12 Mainframe -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- General-Purpose Graphic Processing Units -- Cuda Basics -- GPU versus CPU -- GPU Architecture Overview -- Intel's Gen8 GPU -- When to Use a GPU as a Coprocessor -- Key Terms and Review Questions -- Control Unit Operation^^^

Micro-Operations -- Control of the Processor -- Hardwired Implementation -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Microprogrammed Control -- Basic Concepts -- Microinstruction Sequencing -- Microinstruction Execution -- TI 8800 -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems -- Interactive Simulations -- Research Projects -- Simulation Projects -- Assembly Language Projects -- Reading/Report Assignments -- Writing Assignments -- Test Bank -- Assembly Language -- Assemblers -- Loading and Linking -- Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems.