Communication concepts. Aspects of communication. Why do we communicate? How do we communicate? To whom do we communicate? When and where do we communicate? What do we communicate? The communication process. The simple-model. The complex model. The Shannon-Weaver model of 1949. The Tubbs-model. Formal communication in organisations. Organisational structure and communication. The business organisation as a system. External structure of the business organisation. The organisational hierarchy: division of labour, departmentalisation, delegation. Communication route in the organisation. The Broadcast model. Job analysis description and specification. Informal organisational communication. Characteristics of a group. Types of groups. The grapevine. Styles of communication. Conflict. Group conflict. Verbal communication. How we use words to communicate. Non-verbal communication. Body language (or kinesics). Space (proxemics). Symbols or graphics. Time. Sounds and silences. Human relations and perceptual barriers in the organisation. The role of the personality. The role of perception. Factors which influence and distort communication. Motivation. Theories of motivation. Psychological concepts. Contributors to the theory motivation. The human family. Characteristics of the family. The parent and child. Marriage as a social institution. The role of self-esteem in perception and behaviour. Self-actualisation. Setting goals. Career planning. Communication theory applied. The communicator. Circumstances of the communication. Direct group communication. Indirect group communication. Evaluation. Oral communication skills. Factors which influence effective oral communication. Duties and responsibilities of the speaker. The voice. Vocal sounds. Deviations which affect oral communication. Stress. Meta language. Style, register and tone. Objectivity and subjectivity. Jargon. Listening skills. Oral communication situations. Forms of address. Conversation. The debate. The oral report. Speaking at meetings. Oral public relations. The demonstration or presentation. Public speaking. Interviews. Using the telephone. Language skills. Spelling. Punctuation. Diacritical marks. How to increase vocabulary. Deviations in the use of English. Parts of speech. Writing and editing in proofreading.