Machine generated contents note: Acknowledgments -- Official Data Sources on Women as Victims and Offenders -- Women as Victims of Violence -- The Extent of Female Offending -- Women and Work in the Criminal Justice System -- The Influence of Feminism on Studies of Women and Crime -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Victims and the Criminal Justice System -- Fear of Victimization -- Theories on Victimization -- Theoretical Perspectives on Female Criminality -- Summary -- How to Read a Research Article -- Readings -- 1.The Gendered Nature of Risk Factors for Delinquency -- This article reviews several theoretical perspectives in an attempt to develop an understanding of the risk factors for female offenders and the relationship between victimization and offending. / Joanne Belknap / Kristi Holsinger -- 2.Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice: Feminist Criminology in an Era of Backlash / Joanne Belknap / Kristi Holsinger --

Contents note continued: This reading demonstrates the rise of feminist criminology and its role within the mainstream criminology academy. / Meda Chesney-Lind -- 3.College Students' Crime-Related Fears on Campus: Are Fear-Provoking Cues Gendered? / Meda Chesney-Lind -- This reading investigates the effects of gender in the perceptions of fear about crimes on college campuses. / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Historical Perspectives / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Defining Sexual Victimization / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Rape Myths / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Acquaintance Versus Stranger Assault / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Spousal Rape / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Same-Sex Sexual Violence / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- The Role of Victims in Sexual Assault Cases / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May --

Contents note continued: Racial Differences in Sexual Assault / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Case Study: The Duke Lacrosse Case / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Policy Implications / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Summary / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- Readings / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- 4.Beyond Rape: The Pervasiveness of Sexual Victimization / Bonnie S. Fisher / David May -- This reading focuses on how sexual assaults on college campuses extend beyond incidents of rape (and attempted rape) and include cases of sexual coercion, unwanted sexual contact, and noncontact sexual abuse. / Bonnie S. Fisher / Leah E. Daigle / Francis T. Cullen -- 5.Prevalence and Effects of Rape Myths in Print Journalism: The Kobe Bryant Case / Bonnie S. Fisher / Leah E. Daigle / Francis T. Cullen --

Contents note continued: This article investigates how high-profile cases of rape and sexual assault are portrayed in the media, and the effects of media coverage on victim blaming. / Renae Franiuk / Jennifer L. Seefelt / Sandy L. Cepress / Joseph A. Vandello -- 6.The Role of the New "Date Rape Drugs" in Attributions About Date Rape / Renae Franiuk / Jennifer L. Seefelt / Sandy L. Cepress / Joseph A. Vandello -- This article explores how the voluntary and involuntary consumption of drugs and alcohol affects the level of victim blaming in cases of date and acquaintance rape. / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Defining and Identifying Intimate Partner Abuse / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Dating Violence / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Children of Intimate Partner Abuse / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Same-Sex Intimate Partner Abuse / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn --

Contents note continued: Effects of Race and Ethnicity on Intimate Partner Abuse / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Unique Issues for Immigrant Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- The Cycle of Violence / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Case Study: Molly Midyette / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Women Who Kill Their Abusers / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Barriers to Leaving an Abusive Relationship / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Policy Implications / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Restraining Orders / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Mandatory Versus Discretionary Arrest Policies / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Programming Concerns for Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Summary / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- Readings / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn --

Contents note continued: 7. Interpersonal Violence Against Women: The Role of Men / April L. Girard / Charlene Y. Senn -- This reading focuses on the role of men in preventing acts of violence against women. / Martin D. Schwartz / Walter S. DeKeseredy -- 8. Silenced Voices and Structured Survival: Battered Women's Help Seeking / Martin D. Schwartz / Walter S. DeKeseredy -- This article focuses on the help-seeking behaviors of women in their survival strategies and their attempts to leave a battering relationship. / Angela M. Moe -- 9. Intersections of Immigration and Domestic Violence: Voices of Battered Immigrant Women / Angela M. Moe -- This reading investigates how immigration concerns and cultural norms can be used as tools to control victims by their partners and limit victims' opportunities for help seeking and attempts to exit a battered relationship. / Edna Erez / Madelaine Adelman / Carol Gregory --

Contents note continued: Defining and Identifying Stalking / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman / Edna Erez -- Laws on Stalking / Edna Erez / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman -- Victims and Offenders of Stalking / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman / Edna Erez -- Cyberstalking / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman / Edna Erez -- Policy Implications / Edna Erez / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman -- Sexual Harassment / Madelaine Adelman / Carol Gregory / Edna Erez -- Perpetrators of Sexual Harassment / Edna Erez / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman -- Arenas of Sexual Harassment / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman / Edna Erez -- Workplace Sexual Harassment / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman / Edna Erez -- Housing-Related Sexual Harassment / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman / Edna Erez -- Policy Implications / Edna Erez / Carol Gregory / Madelaine Adelman -- Summary / Madelaine Adelman / Carol Gregory / Edna Erez -- Readings / Edna Erez / Madelaine Adelman / Carol Gregory --

Contents note continued: 10.Stalking in the Context of Intimate Partner Abuse: In the Victims' Words / Madelaine Adelman / Carol Gregory / Edna Erez -- This reading explores the experience of stalking within an intimate partner abusive relationship. / Heather C. Melton -- 11.Cyberstalking: An Exploratory Study of Students at a Mid-Atlantic University / Heather C. Melton -- This article investigates the role of gender and the experience of fear among college students who are victimized by acts of cyberstalking. / Thomas T. Swan / Karen L. Paullet / Daniel R. Rota -- 12.Everyday Stranger Harassment and Women's Objectification / Daniel R. Rota / Thomas T. Swan / Karen L. Paullet -- This reading highlights the response of college-age women to experiences of harassment by strangers and the effects on self-esteem, identity, and perceptions of safety. / Laurie A. Rudman / Kimberly Fairchild -- Honor-Based Violence / Kimberly Fairchild / Laurie A. Rudman --

Contents note continued: Human Trafficking / Kimberly Fairchild / Laurie A. Rudman -- The Women of Juarez / Kimberly Fairchild / Laurie A. Rudman -- Summary / Laurie A. Rudman / Kimberly Fairchild -- Readings / Kimberly Fairchild / Laurie A. Rudman -- 13.Karo-Kari: A Form of Honour Killing in Pakistan / Kimberly Fairchild / Laurie A. Rudman -- This reading discusses the social acceptance of the practice of karo-kari in Pakistan and the cultural barriers that exist in providing safety for potential victims. / Sujay Patel / Amin Muhammad Gadit -- 14.Life Histories and Survival Strategies Amongst Sexually Trafficked Girls in Nepal / Sujay Patel / Amin Muhammad Gadit -- This reading investigates the experience of Nepalese women who are trafficked to India for the purposes of sexual slavery. / Padam Simkhada -- 15.Murder in Ciudad Juarez: A Parable of Women's Struggle for Human Rights / Padam Simkhada --

Contents note continued: This reading illustrates the response by Mexican authorities, family members of victims, and victims' rights groups in investigating the patterns of femicides in Ciudad Juarez. / Mark Ensalaco -- The Rise of the Juvenile Court and the Sexual Double Standard / Mark Ensalaco -- The Nature and Extent of Female Delinquency / Mark Ensalaco -- Technical Violations: The New Status Offense / Mark Ensalaco -- Risk Factors for Female Delinquency / Mark Ensalaco -- Meeting the Unique Needs of Delinquent Girls / Mark Ensalaco -- Summary / Mark Ensalaco -- Readings / Mark Ensalaco -- 16.At-Risk Girls and Delinquency: Career Pathways / Mark Ensalaco -- This article highlights how police involvement in family conflicts and parental authority struggles has resulted in a new pathway of entry for girls into the juvenile justice system, despite the decriminalization of status offenses. / Carla P. Davis --

Contents note continued: 17.Violent Girls or Relabeled Status Offenders? An Alternative Interpretation of the Data / Carla P. Davis -- This article raises questions regarding the "rise" of the "violent" female offender and how policy decisions have shifted the way in which the courts respond to cases involving girls. / Barry C. Feld -- 18.What a Girl Wants, What a Girl Needs: Findings From a Gender-Specific Focus Group Study / Barry C. Feld -- This reading uses the voices of incarce rated girls to investigate the gender-specific needs of female adolescents who are incarcerated in juvenile facilities. / Crystal A. Garcia / Jodi Lane -- Women and Drugs / Crystal A. Garcia / Jodi Lane -- The War on Drugs / Jodi Lane / Crystal A. Garcia -- Mothers Who Kill their Children / Jodi Lane / Crystal A. Garcia -- Postpartum Syndrome and Filicide / Jodi Lane / Crystal A. Garcia -- Prostitution / Crystal A. Garcia / Jodi Lane -- The Legalization Debate / Jodi Lane / Crystal A. Garcia --

Contents note continued: Girls and Gangs / Jodi Lane / Crystal A. Garcia -- Summary / Crystal A. Garcia / Jodi Lane -- Readings / Jodi Lane / Crystal A. Garcia -- 19.Locked Up Means Locked Out: Women, Addiction, and Incarceration / Jodi Lane / Crystal A. Garcia -- This reading provides a case study of one woman's battle with drugs, the consequences of her addiction, and her struggle to make a better life for herself and her family. / Vanessa Alleyne -- 20.Infanticide and Neonaticide: A Review of 40 Years of Research Literature on Incidence and Causes / Vanessa Alleyne -- This reading discusses the different typologies of women who kill their children. / Theresa Porter / Helen Gavin -- 21.Understanding the Experiences of Street Level Prostitutes / Theresa Porter / Helen Gavin -- This article investigates the lives and traumas that women encounter in street-level prostitution and the challenges they face in their attempt to exit the lifestyle. / Celia Williamson / Gail Folaron --

Contents note continued: 22.Girls, Gangs, and Violence: Assessing the Evidence / Celia Williamson / Gail Folaron -- This reading provides an international perspective from the United Kingdom on gender and gang membership. / Susan Batchelor -- Stage of the Criminal Justice System / Susan Batchelor -- Race Effects and the Processing of Female Offenders / Susan Batchelor -- The Effects of Legal and Extralegal Factors on Sentencing Women / Susan Batchelor -- Gender-Neutral Laws and Sentencing Guidelines / Susan Batchelor -- Conclusion / Susan Batchelor -- Summary / Susan Batchelor -- Readings / Susan Batchelor -- 23.Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Girls' Sentencing in the Juvenile Justice System / Susan Batchelor -- This reading investigates the effects of race and ethnicity on sentencing practices for delinquent girls. / Lori D. Moore / Irene Padavic -- 24.Ages of Chivalry, Places of Paternalism: Gender and Criminal Sentencing in Finland / Lori D. Moore / Irene Padavic --

Contents note continued: This article looks at the international experiences in the processing of female offenders and investigates whether chivalrous treatment is extended to women in the criminal courts of Finland. / Candace Kruttschnitt / Jukka Savolainen -- 25.The Impact of Race, Gender, and Age on the Pretrial Decision / Candace Kruttschnitt / Jukka Savolainen -- This reading focuses on how demographic variables such as race, gender, and age affect the decisions by judges to remand offenders to custody prior to trial. / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- Historical Context of Female Prisons / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- Contemporary Issues for Incarcerated Women / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- Physical and Mental Health Needs of Incarcerated Women / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- Children of Incarcerated Mothers: The Unintended Victims / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski --

Contents note continued: Gender-Responsive Programming for Women in Prison / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- Reentry Issues for Incarcerated Women / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- Summary / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- Readings / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- 26.Women Offenders and the Gendered Effects of Public Policy / Tina L. Freiburger / Carly M. Hilinski -- Following a review of public policies that have increased the incarceration rates for women, this chapter presents six guiding principles for gender-responsive programming that are designed to address the unique needs of incarcerated women. / Barbara Bloom / Barbara Owen / Stephanie Covington -- 27.Throwaway Moms: Maternal Incarceration and the Criminalization of Female Poverty / Barbara Bloom / Barbara Owen / Stephanie Covington --

Contents note continued: This article shares the stories of incarcerated women and the effects of their prison experience on the lives of their children. / Suzanne Allen / Chris Flaherty / Gretchen Ely -- 28.Collateral Costs of Imprisonment for Women: Complications of Reintegration / Suzanne Allen / Chris Flaherty / Gretchen Ely -- This article reviews the challenges that women face as they transition from the prison environment back to their families and their communities. / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- Women in Policing / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- Female Correctional Officers / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- Women and the Law / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- The Feminization of the Legal Field / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- Women and the Judiciary / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- Conclusions / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- Summary / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- Readings / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin --

Contents note continued: 29.Survival in an "All Boys Club": Policewomen and Their Fight for Acceptance / Mary Dodge / Mark R. Pogrebin -- This article explores the experiences of policewomen, the obstacles they face, and the coping mechanisms they use within the context of their job. / Cara Rabe-Hemp -- 30.Gender and Judicial Decisions: Do Female Judges Decide Cases Differently Than Male Judges? / Cara Rabe-Hemp -- Using hypothetical case examples, this artide investigates the role of gender in judicial decision making. / Phyllis Coontz -- 31.Gender and Stress: A Comparative Assessment of Sources of Stress Among Correctional Officers / Phyllis Coontz -- This reading assesses whether female correctional officers experience different on-the-job and off-the-job stressors as a result of gender. / Marie L. Griffin.