The 1956 women's defiance campaign. Charter: Adopted at the Founding Conference of the Federation of South African women, Johannesburg, 17 April 1954. Women involved in the defiance campaign. Women in general politics. Women and the transition to democracy. Women members of parliament. Provincial members of executive councils. List of women mayors. Arts. Literature. Film and theatre. Dance. Music. Visual arts. Sciences. Mathematics. Medicine. Nursing. Pharmacy. Psychiatry. Archaeology. Botany. Geology. Zoology. Technology. Humanities. Business. Abrahamse, May. Ackerman, Wendy. Adam, Feroza. Alberts, Frances. Alexander, Rachel 'Ray' Esther. Alien, Cheryl. Armstrong, Hansie. Armstrong, Henriette Ester. Avery, Margaret. Baard, 'MaBaard' Frances. Baardman, Saartjie. Badenhorst, Alida Margaretha Jacoba. Bam, Brigalia Ntombemhlophe. Barber, Mary Elizabeth. Barker, Joyce. Benjamin, Sathima Bea. Berger, Cecilia. Bernstein, Hilda Watts. Blackburn, Molly. Bleek, Dorothea. Bolus, Hariet Margaret Louis. Botha, Elize. Boxall, Dorothy Ruth. Brandt, Johanna. Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria. Broers, Susanna Barbara. Brown, Mary Matilda. Bryceland, Yvonne. Buis(s)et, Maria. Bukhosini, Linda. Bulane-Hopa, Seipati. Buller, Deidre Daphne Mary. Burton, Mary. Cachalia, Amina. Camerer, Shelia Margaret. Canca, Nomhle G. Chakela, Lulama. Charnley, Irene. Chrimes, Pamela. Cilliers-Barnard, Elizabeth Petronella (Bettie). Cleaver, Anne Fenton. Clements, Elain. Coertse, Maria Sophia (Mimi). Conmee, Ivy. Cornelius, Catherina Jacoba. Cornelius, Hester Elizabeth. Cox, Alice. Cussons, Sheila. Dada, Fathima. Dakile-Hlongwane, Salukazi. Davids, Viginia. Davies, Joan Hoskyn. De Lille, Patricia. De Villiers, Hertha. Dhlomo, Bongiwe (Bongi). Didiza, Angela Thokozile. Dike, Fatima. Dlamini-Zuma, Nkosazana Clarince. Dludlu, Delisiwe Aurora. Doidge, Ethel Mary. Du Preez, Hettie. Duncan, Sheena. Dywili, Nofinish. Everard, Amy Bertha. Eybers, Elisabeth. Fairbridge, Dorothea Ann. First, Heloise Ruth. Fisher, Ella Cecil. Fitzgerald, Mary. Floris-Ibrahim, Sylvia. Forman, Reeva. Frames, Henrietta (Poppy). Franks, Esther. Fraser-Moleketi, Geraldine Joslyn. Fugard, Sheila. Gaza, Faith. Gaza, Margaret. Geffen-Greenspan, Aida. Gillwald, Cheryl Ellen. Ginwala, Frene Noshir. Gobodo, Nonkululeko. Goddefroy, Elizabeth Anna Louise. Goitsemang, Mary Ranta. Golding, Pamela. Goodwin, Ruth. Gool, Zainunnissa Cissle. Gordimer, Nadine. Gordon, Mary Sarah. Gorvalla, Patricia. Gourley, Brenda M. Gow, Vera. Grant, Sue. Gray, Sophie. Groenewald, Suzette. Hall, Constance Mary. Hall, Elsie Stanley. Head, Bessie Amelia. Heckford, Sarah Maud. Hellmann, Ellen Phyllis. Hendricks, Lidiwe Benedicta. Heyns, Katinka. Heyns, Penny. Hobhouse, Emily. Hodgson, Rica. Holloway, Christina Maria. Howes, Dulcie. Huskisson, Yvonne. Isaacson, Margaretha. Jabavu, Helen Nontando. Jacobson, Mandy. Jansen van Vuuren, June. Jansen, Martha Mabel. Jobodwana, Patricia. Jonker, Ingrid. Joseph, Helen Beatrice May. Joubert, Elsa. Ka Dinuzulu, Princess Constance Magogo Sibilile Mantithi Ngangezinye Thombisile. Kallichurum, Soromini. Kane-Berman, Jocelyne. Kentridge, Felicia. Khubeka, Abigail. Khumalo, Sibongile. Khuzwayo, Ellen. Kirkpatrick, Velia Mignon Elizabeth. Klaasen, Thandiwe. Knocker, Phyllis. Kok, Susanna Helena. Krause, Emelia Bertha Marie. Krige, Eileen. Kushlick, Taubie. Kuswayo, Cashi. Kwenane, Emily. Latsky, Louise. Laubser, Maria Magdalena (Maggie). Ledwaba, Ria. Leeuw, Lynette Maphantso. Lekgetha, Alina Molebogent Nancy. Liedernan, Josephine. Lindberg, Dawn. Lloyd, Lucy Catherine. Louw, Mara Teboho. Lucas-Bull, Wendy. Luhabe, Wendy. Mabandla, Brigitte Sylvia. Mabasa, Noria. Mabaso, Masechaba. Mabiletsa, Dorah. Mabudafhasi, Joyce (Rejoice) Thizwilondi. Mabuza, Lindiwe. Machobane, Ruth. Madikizela-Mandela, Nomzamo Zaniewe Winnifred (Winnie). Madlala-Routledge, Nozizwe Charlotte. Mafekeng, Elizabeth. Magomola, Molpone Edith Nana. Mahlangu, Esther. Mailula, Lucy. Majombozi, D. Makeba, Miriam. Makiwane, Cecilia. Malahlela-Xakana, Mary Susan. Malherbe, Mabel Catherine. Mangena, Anna Victoria. Mangena, Oshadi Motshabi Phakathi. Mantatisi. Mantle, Zelda. Marcus, Gill. Marks, Shula. Marshall, Caroll Rethabile. Masekela, Barbara. Mashaba, Bertha. Mashaba, Lizzy. Mashigo, Margaret. Mashinini, Emma Thandi. Masipa, Matilda Thokozile. Masuka, Dorothy. Matomela, Florence. Matsepe-Casaburri, Ivy Florence. Matshoba, Nikiwe Deborah. Matube, Joyce Mmule. Matuta, Phetiwa. Maxeke, Charlotte Makgomo (nee Manye). Mbulu, Letta. Mchunu, Sizakele. Mchunu, Thembi. Mdluli-Sedibe, Jackie. Mdunyelwa, Sylvia Ncediwe. Meer, Fatima. Meer, Yasmin Shennaz. Menicanti, Lucia Cecelia. Meyer, Elana. Mgcina, Sophie Thoko. Mgqwetho, Nontsize. Mgudlandlu, Gladys. Mhlongo, Busi. Mhlophe, Gcina. Mizrahi, Valerie. Mjoli-Mncube, Nonhlanhla. Mkhize, Florence. Mkwebani, Nothembi. Mlambo-Ngcuka, Phumzile Gloria. Mmutlana, Wendy Dipeyana. Mngoma, Sibongile. Mntwana, Ida Fiye. Mnumzana, Florence Elizabeth. Moabi, Nana Henrietta. Mohajane, Sebolelo. Mojela, Louisa. Mokgoro, Yvonne. Mokhobo, Dawn. Molale, Kate. Molefe, Dinah. Molina, Mercedes. Mö1ler, Margaretha Anna. Moloto, Kate. Mompati, Ruth Segomotsi. Moodley, Mary. Mophosho, Florence. Morake, Eva. Morice, Joan Allson. Motsieloa, Emily. Mpama, Josie (Josle Palmer). Mthembi-Mahanyele, Sankie Dolly. Mthembu, Flora. Mtshali, Phangisile. Mxenge, Victoria Nonyamezelo. Mynhardt, Christina Magdalena (Kieka). Naidoo, Sulochana. Nala, Nesta. Nala, Thembi. Ncube, Sister Bernard. Ndaba, Dora. Ndaba, Queenth. Ndebele, Allina. Ndlovu, Elsie. Neethling-Pohl, Anna. Nene, Nomsa. Ngalo, Mary Margaret. Ngcobo, Thelma. Nginza, Dora. Ngoyi, Lilian Masediba. Ngubane, Harriet. Ngwekazi, Winifred Evelyn. Nkonyeni, Nomhle. Nkosi, Connie. Nkosi-Shandu, Elleen Eidana Nokukhanya. Nkumbule, Cecelia. Nokwe, Tu. Nonquase. Nothard, Constance Annie. Ntshalintshali, Bonakele (Bonie) Mayvee. Nxumalo, Ester. Nyembe, Dorothy Nomzansi. Nzimande, Buyisiwe Maureen. Nzo, Regina Vuyelwa. Paeper, Veronica. Palmer, Mabel. Pandor, Naledi. Penstone, Constance. Perlman, Ina Sophia. Pheto, Sandra. Pillay, Navi. Pocock, Mary Agard (Mamie). Pollak, Hansi Pauline. Postma, Hendrika. Pretorius, Marjorie. Prowse, Juliet. Qunta, Christine. Qunta, Nothembu Grace Millicent. Radebe, Bridgette. Radebe, Snowy. Ramphele, Mamphela Aletta. Rantho, Helen. Rathebe, Dolly. Resha, Magdalene (Maggie). Ribeiro, Florence Barbara. Rothman, Maria Elizabeth. Sauer, Magdalena Gertruide (Magda). Scheepers, Johanna Hendrina (Joey). Schreiner, Olive Emily Albertina. Searle, Charlotte. Searll, Adele Melanie. Sebidi, Mmakgoba Mmapula Helen. Sekhukhuni, Masepeke. Selekane, Doreen. Senne, Mpori Grace. September (McLeod), Hettie. September, Dulcie Evonne. Shabangu, Susan. Shaw, Flora Louise. Shope, Ntiti Gertrude. Sigcau, Stella Nomzamo. Sinclair, Jean. Singana, Margaret. Singh, Ansuyah Ratipul. Sisulu, Nonsikelelo Albertina. Sisulu, Lindiwe Nonceba. Skotnes, Philippa (Pippa). Slosberg, Bertha. Smith, Pauline Urmson. Sneddon, Elizabeth. Solly, Julia. Solomon, Bertha. Soodyall, Himladevi. Southern-Holt, Helen. Spira, Phyllis Bernice. Stainbank, Mary. Stakesby Lewis, Henrietta Rebecca. Stein-Lessing, Maria. Stephens, Marguerite. Stern, Irma. Stern, Rhona. Steyn, Gladys. Stockdale, Henrietta. Stockenström, Wilma. Struben, Edith. Sumner, Maud Francis Eyston. Sutter, Erica. Suzman, Helen. Suzman, Janet. Swart, Henda. Tager, Loulse Arlene. Tamana, Dora. Tambo, Adelaide Frances. Tempo, Anna (Sister Nannie). Theiler, Gertrud. Theron, Erika. Thorpe, Jo. Tilley, Mary. Tlali, Miriam. Tshabalala-Msimang, Mantombazana Edmie. Van den Heever, Leonora. Van der Merwe, Elizabeth. Van der Poel, Jean. Van Heerden, Anna Petronella. Van Niekerk, Caroline. Van Niekerk, Lydia. Wallace, Marjorie. Waterston, Jane Elizabeth. Weller, Dawn. Williamson, Sue. Wilman, Maria. Wilson, Lyn. Wood, Josephine Ethel (Josie). Zaidel-Rudolph, Jeanne. Zungu, Sibongile. Zwi, Rose.