Title:
Environmental consulting fundamentals : investigation and remediation
Author:
Alter, Benjamin.
ISBN:
9781439868904
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, c2012.
Physical Description:
xxi, 400 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
General Note:
Formerly CIP.
Contents:
Machine generated contents note: Section I Environmental Consulting: A Perspective -- 1.What Is Environmental Consulting? -- 1.1.The Environment and Environmental Hazards -- 1.2.What Is Environmental Consulting? -- 1.2.1.Environmental Consulting Services -- 1.2.2.The Consultant as Contractor -- 1.2.3.Types of Clients -- 1.3.Credentials and Certifications of Environmental Consultants -- 2.Framework of Environmental Regulations -- 2.1.The "Nature" of Environmental Regulations -- 2.1.1.Prehistory of Environmental Regulations -- 2.1.2.Establishment of the USEPA and OSHA -- 2.2.Major Federal Environmental Laws -- 2.2.1.Clean Air Act -- 2.2.2.Clean Water Act -- 2.2.3.Endangered Species Act -- 2.2.4.Safe Drinking Water Act -- 2.2.5.Toxic Substances Control Act -- 2.2.6.Resource Conservation and Recovery Act -- 2.2.6.1.Definition of Hazardous Waste -- 2.2.6.2."Cradle-to-Grave" Concept of Hazardous Waste Management -- 2.2.6.3.Nonhazardous Waste Management --
Contents note continued: 2.2.6.4.RCRA and the Environmental Consultant -- 2.2.7.Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act -- 2.2.7.1.Origins of Superfund -- 2.2.7.2.Liability under Superfund -- 2.2.7.3.Petroleum Exclusion -- 2.2.7.4.National Priorities List -- 2.2.7.5.National Contingency Plan -- 2.2.7.6.SARA of 1986 -- 2.2.7.7.Brownfields Act of 2003 -- 2.2.7.8.Environmental Consulting under CERCLA -- 2.2.8.Energy Policy Act of 2005 -- 2.3.Legal Framework of Environmental Regulations -- 2.3.1.Legal Framework of Federal Environmental Regulations -- 2.3.2.Legal Framework of State Environmental Regulations -- References -- Section II Site Investigations and Remediations -- 3.Chemicals of Concern and Their Properties -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Categorizing the Chemicals -- 3.3.The Target Compound List/Target Analyte List -- 3.3.1.Inorganic Analytes -- 3.3.2.Organic Compounds -- 3.3.2.1.Volatile Organic Compounds --
Contents note continued: 3.3.2.2.Semivolatile Organic Compounds -- 3.3.2.3.Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) -- 3.4.Other Chemicals of Interest -- 3.4.1.Petroleum and Petroleum-Related Compounds -- 3.4.1.1.Chemical Composition of Petroleum -- 3.4.1.2.Gasoline -- 3.4.1.3.Nonvolatile Fuels -- 3.4.1.4.Engineered Oils -- 3.4.2.Dioxin -- 3.4.3.Drinking Water Contaminants -- 3.4.4.Synthetic Organic Contaminants -- References -- 4.Fate and Transport in the Subsurface -- 4.1.Surface Transport of Chemicals -- 4.2.Geology of the Subsurface -- 4.2.1.Bedrock and Soils -- 4.2.2.Porosity and Permeability -- 4.3.Chemical Fate and Transport in the Subsurface -- 4.3.1.Physical State of Chemicals -- 4.3.2.The Hydrogeologic Cycle -- 4.3.3.Vadose Zone -- 4.3.4.Saturated Zone -- 4.3.4.1.Hydraulic Gradient -- 4.3.4.2.Groundwater Flow -- 4.3.4.3.Advection -- 4.3.4.4.Diffusion and Dispersion -- 4.3.4.5.Retardation and Attenuation -- 4.3.4.6.Aquifers --
Contents note continued: 4.3.4.7.Aquitards, Aquicludes, and Confining Layers -- 4.3.4.8.Perched Aquifers -- References -- 5.Phase I Environmental Site Assessments -- 5.1.History of the Phase I ESA -- 5.2.The Phase I ASTM Standard---Recognized Environmental Conditions and Historical Recognized Environmental Conditions -- 5.2.1.Exclusions from the Standard -- 5.3.Components of the ASTM Standard -- 5.3.1.The Site and Vicinity Reconnaissance -- 5.3.1.1.Underground Storage Tanks and Filling Stations -- 5.3.1.2.Aboveground Storage Tanks -- 5.3.1.3.Drum Storage Areas -- 5.3.1.4.Industrial Establishments -- 5.3.1.5.Dry Cleaners -- 5.3.1.6.Septic Systems -- 5.3.1.7.Electric Transformers -- 5.3.1.8.Evidence of Subsurface Investigations -- 5.3.1.9.Adjoining Properties -- 5.3.1.10.Site Vicinity -- 5.3.2.Site Interviews -- 5.3.3.User Responsibilities -- 5.3.4.Site History Review -- 5.3.4.1.Historical Aerial Photographs -- 5.3.4.2.Fire Insurance Maps -- 5.3.4.3.Local Street Directories --
Contents note continued: 5.3.5.Local Agency Review -- 5.3.6.Neighboring Properties -- 5.3.6.1.Mandatory Database Searches -- 5.3.6.2.Additional Database Searches -- 5.4.Limits of Due Diligence Research -- 5.5.Report Preparation -- References -- 6.Site Investigations -- 6.1.Initiating the Site Investigation -- 6.2.Developing the Scope of Work -- 6.2.1.Establishing Data Quality Objectives -- 6.2.2.Conceptual Site Model -- 6.2.3.Sampling and Analysis Plan -- 6.2.4.Sample Analysis -- 6.2.4.1.Fixed-Base Laboratory Analysis -- 6.2.4.2.On-Site Analysis -- 6.3.Preparing for the Site Investigation -- 6.3.1.Health and Safety Considerations -- 6.3.2.Utility Markouts -- 6.3.3.Geophysical Surveys -- 6.4.Soil Sampling -- 6.4.1.Test Pit Installation -- 6.4.2.Borehole Installation -- 6.4.3.Soil Observations and Sampling -- 6.4.4.Recording Field Observations -- 6.4.5.Field Quality Control -- 6.4.5.1.Decontamination -- 6.4.5.2.Field Quality Control Samples -- 6.4.6.Sample Handling Procedures --
Contents note continued: 6.5.Soil Gas Investigations -- 6.6.Groundwater Investigations -- 6.6.1.Permanent Monitoring Wells -- 6.6.2.Temporary Monitoring Wells -- 6.7.Interpreting and Documenting the Site Investigation -- 6.7.1.Data Reduction and Interpretation -- 6.7.2.Site Investigation Report -- References -- 7.Remedial Investigations and Setting Remediation Goals -- 7.1.Remedial Investigation of Soils -- 7.1.1.Delineation of Soil Contamination -- 7.1.2.Obtaining Quantitative Soil and Bedrock Data -- 7.1.2.1.Coring Data from Boreholes -- 7.1.2.2.Borehole Logging -- 7.2.Remedial Investigation of Groundwater -- 7.2.1.Calculating Groundwater Elevation -- 7.2.2.Calculating Groundwater Flow Direction -- 7.2.3.Contaminant Plume Mapping -- 7.2.4.Vertical Delineation of Groundwater Contamination -- 7.2.5.Obtaining Quantitative Groundwater Data: Aquifer Analysis -- 7.2.5.1.Aquifer Analysis -- 7.2.5.2.Groundwater Data from Boreholes -- 7.2.5.3.Computer Modeling --
Contents note continued: 7.3.Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -- 7.4.Vapor Intrusion Investigation -- 7.4.1.Vapor Intrusion Investigation as Part of a Remedial Investigation -- 7.4.2.Vapor Intrusion Investigation -- 7.4.3.Vapor Sampling Procedures -- 7.4.4.Vapor Intrusion Mitigation -- 7.5.Setting Remediation Standards -- 7.5.1.Generic Remediation Standards -- 7.5.2.Setting Cleanup Goals Using Risk Assessment -- 7.5.2.1.Exposure Assessment -- 7.5.2.2.Toxicity Assessment -- 7.5.2.3.Risk Characterization -- References -- 8.Remedial Actions -- 8.1.Remedial Action Selection Criteria -- 8.1.1.Establishing Remedial Objectives -- 8.1.2.Feasibility Study -- 8.2.Types of Remedial Actions -- 8.2.1.Passive Remediation and Engineering Controls -- 8.2.2.Monitored Natural Attenuation -- 8.2.3.Removal of Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) -- 8.2.4.Soil Remediation by Excavation -- 8.2.5.Groundwater Remediation by Pump-and-Treat -- 8.2.6.In Situ Remediation of Dissolved Contaminants --
Contents note continued: 8.2.6.1.Soil Vapor Extraction -- 8.2.6.2.Air Sparging -- 8.2.6.3.Soil Flushing -- 8.2.6.4.Thermal Remediation -- 8.2.6.5.In Situ Solidification -- 8.2.6.6.In Situ Chemical and Biological Treatment -- 8.2.6.7.In Situ Bioremediation -- 8.2.6.8.Bioventing -- 8.2.6.9.Permeable Reactive Barriers -- 8.3.Landfill Closures -- 8.4.Remediation and Consultants -- References -- Section III Land Usage -- 9.Wetlands, Surface Waters, and Endangered Species -- 9.1.Ecosystems -- 9.2.Surface Water and Sediment Investigation -- 9.2.1.Pollution Sources -- 9.2.2.Surface Water Indicator Parameters -- 9.2.3.Surface Water Sampling -- 9.2.4.Sediment Sampling -- 9.3.Assessing Impacts on Fauna -- 9.4.Ecological Risk Assessment -- 9.4.1.Problem Formulation -- 9.4.2.Analysis -- 9.4.3.Risk Characterization -- 9.5.Wetlands Identification and Delineation -- 9.5.1.Definition of Wetlands -- 9.5.2.Wetlands Hydrology -- 9.5.3.Wetlands Vegetation -- 9.5.4.Wetlands Indicators --
Contents note continued: 9.5.5.Classifying Wetlands -- 9.5.6.Available Information on Wetlands -- 9.5.7.Field Mapping of Wetlands -- 9.6.Threatened and Endangered Species Habitats -- 9.7.Ecological Mitigation and Restoration -- 9.7.1.Surface Water Restoration -- 9.7.2.Sediment Remediation -- 9.7.3.Mitigation of Wetlands, Streams, and Aquatic Resources -- References -- 10.Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation -- 10.1.The NEPA Process -- 10.1.1.Categorical Exclusion -- 10.1.2.Environmental Assessment -- 10.1.3.Environmental Impact Statement -- 10.1.4.Public Participation -- 10.2.Technical Evaluation for the EIS -- 10.2.1.Geology, Soils, Hydrogeology, and Physiography -- 10.2.2.Biology -- 10.2.3.Surface Waters -- 10.2.4.Hazardous Waste Issues -- 10.2.5.Air Quality -- 10.2.6.Noise -- 10.2.7.Historic, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources -- 10.2.8.Transportation -- 10.2.9.Socioeconomics -- 10.3.Environmental Consultant's Role in National Environmental Policy Act Process --
Contents note continued: References -- Section IV Indoor Environmental Concerns -- 11.Asbestos Surveying -- 11.1.Introduction -- 11.1.1.Types of Asbestiforms -- 11.1.2.Health Problems Related to Asbestos -- 11.1.3.Regulatory History -- 11.1.4.Types of Asbestos-Containing Materials -- 11.1.5.Components of Buildings -- 11.2.Classifying Suspect Materials -- 11.3.Performing the Asbestos Survey -- 11.3.1.Before the Inspection: Doing Your Homework -- 11.3.2.Building Walk-Through -- 11.3.3.Designing a Sampling and Analysis Plan -- 11.3.4.Sampling of Layered Materials -- 11.3.5.Sampling of Homogeneous Materials -- 11.3.6.Bulk Sampling Procedures -- 11.3.7.Quality Assurance Program -- 11.4.Laboratory Analysis of Bulk Samples -- 11.5.Interpretation of Results -- 11.6.Hazard Assessment -- 11.6.1.Physical Hazard Assessment -- 11.6.2.Classifying the Condition of the Asbestos-Containing Building Material (ACBM) -- 11.6.3.Classifying the Potential for Disturbance of ACBM --
Contents note continued: 11.6.4.Seven Categories of Hazards -- 11.6.5.Air Monitoring for a Hazard Assessment -- References -- 12.Asbestos Abatement -- 12.1.Introduction -- 12.1.1.Types of Asbestos Abatement -- 12.1.2.Regulatory Requirements for an Asbestos Abatement Project -- 12.1.3.Sizes of Asbestos Abatement Projects -- 12.1.4.Public Notifications -- 12.2.Asbestos Abatement by Removal -- 12.2.1.Preremoval Preparations for All Removal Projects -- 12.2.1.1.Signage -- 12.2.1.2.HVAC Shut Down -- 12.2.1.3.Preabatement Air Sampling -- 12.2.2.Preparing the Work Area for the Large Asbestos Project -- 12.2.2.1.Movable Items -- 12.2.2.2.Stationary Items -- 12.2.2.3.Construction of Decontamination Units -- 12.2.2.4.Critical Barriers -- 12.2.2.5.Plasticizing Floors and Walls -- 12.2.2.6.Electrical Lock-Out -- 12.2.2.7.Establishing Negative Pressure -- 12.3.Removing the Asbestos -- 12.3.1.Wetting the Material -- 12.3.2.Two-Stage ACM Removal -- 12.3.3.Glovebag Removal --
Contents note continued: 12.3.4.Waste Removal -- 12.3.5.Lockdown Encapsulation -- 12.3.6.Two-Stage Cleaning and Poly Removal -- 12.3.7.Abatement Air Monitoring -- 12.4.Clearance Air Monitoring -- 12.5.Health and Safety Considerations -- 12.6.Small and Minor Asbestos Projects -- 12.7.Abatement by Encapsulation or Enclosure -- 12.8.Operations and Maintenance for In-Place Asbestos-Containing Material (ACM) -- References -- 13.Lead-Based Paint Surveying and Abatement -- 13.1.Introduction -- 13.1.1.Lead Hazards -- 13.1.2.History of Lead-Based Paint -- 13.2.OSHA Lead Standard -- 13.3.U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Guidelines for Lead-Based Paint Inspections -- 13.3.1.Lead-Based Paint and Lead Hazards -- 13.3.2.Lead Paint Risk Assessment -- 13.3.2.1.Research -- 13.3.2.2.Site Walk-Through -- 13.3.2.3.Design and Implementing a Sampling Program -- 13.3.2.4.Evaluation of Analytical Results -- 13.3.3.Designing the Lead-Based Paint Survey --
Contents note continued: 13.3.4.Lead-Based Paint Inspection Methods -- 13.3.5.Testing Protocols -- 13.3.6.Data Interpretation -- 13.3.7.Data Documentation -- 13.4.HUD Guidelines for Lead-Based Paint Hazard Abatement -- 13.4.1.Enclosure -- 13.4.2.Encapsulation -- 13.4.3.Lead-Based Paint Removal -- 13.4.4.Worker Protection -- 13.4.5.Protecting the Residents -- 13.4.6.Preparing the Work Area -- 13.4.7.Lead-Based Paint Removal Procedures -- 13.4.7.1.Clearance Wipe Sampling -- References -- 14.Drinking Water Testing -- 14.1.Introduction -- 14.1.1.History of Lead in Drinking Water -- 14.2.Sources of Lead in Drinking Water -- 14.3.Lead in Drinking Water Investigation -- 14.3.1.Developing a "Plumbing Profile" -- 14.3.2.Sampling for Lead in Drinking Water -- 14.4.Lead Mitigation -- References -- 15.Mold Surveying and Remediation -- 15.1.Introduction -- 15.1.1.Health Impacts from Mold -- 15.1.2.Types of Toxic Molds -- 15.1.3.Conditions Conducive to Mold Growth --
Contents note continued: 15.2.Conducting a Mold Survey -- 15.2.1.Walk-Through Survey -- 15.2.2.Document Review and Interviews -- 15.3.Mold Sampling and Analysis -- 15.3.1.Bulk Sampling Methods -- 15.3.2.Air Sampling for Mold -- 15.3.3.Interpretation of Air Sampling Results -- 15.4.Mold Remediation -- 15.4.1.Worker Protection -- 15.4.2.Remediation Methods -- 15.4.3.Preparing the Work Area, Differing Guidelines -- 15.4.3.1.New York City DHMH Guidelines -- 15.4.3.2.USEPA Guidelines -- References -- 16.Radon Surveying and Remediation -- 16.1.Introduction -- 16.2.Investigating for Radon -- 16.3.Radon Mitigation -- References -- 17.Indoor Air Quality -- 17.1.Introduction -- 17.1.1.History of Indoor Air Problems -- 17.1.2.Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants -- 17.1.3.Indoor Air Investigation Triggers -- 17.2.Sources of Indoor Air Pollution -- 17.2.1.Poor Air Flow -- 17.2.2.Combustion Products -- 17.2.3.Dust and Particulates -- 17.2.4.Ozone -- 17.2.5.Volatile Organic Compounds --
Contents note continued: 17.2.6.Bioaerosols -- 17.2.7.Tobacco Smoke -- 17.2.8.Pesticides -- 17.2.9.Subsurface Contamination -- 17.3.Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems -- 17.4.Performing the Indoor Air Quality Investigation -- 17.4.1.Building Inspection -- 17.4.2.Interviews -- 17.4.3.Making a Diagnosis -- 17.5.Air Measurement Methods -- 17.5.1.Air Measurement Devices -- 17.5.2.Locations of Air Measurements -- 17.6.Air Sampling Methods -- 17.6.1.Air Sampling Locations -- 17.6.2.Air Sampling Devices -- 17.7.Indoor Air Mitigation -- References -- 18.The Environmental Project -- 18.1.Projects: It All Begins with a Contract -- 18.1.1.Types of Contracts -- 18.1.2.The Project Team -- 18.1.3.Project Completion.
Abstract:
"1 What Is Environmental Consulting? People, People who need people Are the luckiest people in the world --Bob Merrill and Jule Styne, "People" 1.1 The Environment and Environmental Hazards To understand what constitutes environmental consulting, we first must understand the meaning of "the environment." Webster's Dictionary defines environment as the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. Let's dissect this definition and discuss how it pertains to the contents of this book. As the definition indicates, physical factors include climate and soil, where climate includes the air, sunlight, and one of the fundamental requirements for life on earth (and a topic of discussion in many of the book's chapters), water. The chemical factors include the interactions between many of these physical factors as well as chemicals that occur naturally and those introduced by mankind. The "living things" indicated in the definition encompass the full range of living things: microbial, plant, and animal life. Conditions that have the ability to affect these living things are known as environmental hazards. An environmental hazard should not be confused with chemicals that can adversely change the environment. These chemicals, known in various contexts as pollutants or contaminants, are one of the three essential parts of an environmental hazard. For an environmental hazard to exist, three conditions must be present (see Figure 1.1). There must be a source of the pollution, a receptor for the pollution, and a pathway connecting the two. "--