Holographic Overview -- An Introduction to Inquiry -- Human Inquiry and Science -- Looking for Reality -- The Foundations of Social Science -- Some Dialectics of Social Science -- The Ethics of Social Research -- Paradigms, Theory, and Social Research -- Some Social Science Paradigms -- Elements of Social Theory -- Two Logical Systems Revisited -- Deductive Theory Construction -- Inductive Theory Construction -- The Links Between Theory and Research -- The Idea of Causation in Social Research -- Determinism and Social Science -- Causation in Idiographic and Nomothetic Models of Explanation -- Criteria for Causality -- Necessary and Sufficient Causes -- Errors in Reasoning About Causation -- Linking Measurement and Association -- The Structure of Inquiry -- Research Design -- Three Purposes of Research -- Units of Analysis -- The Time Dimension -- How To Design a Research Project -- The Research Proposal -- Answers to Review Questions and Exercises, Item 2 -- Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement -- Measuring Anything That Exists -- Conceptualization -- Definitions in Descriptive and Explanatory Studies -- Operationalization Choices -- Criteria of Measurement Quality -- Indexes, Scales, and Typologies -- Indexes versus Scales -- Index Construction -- Scale Construction -- Typologies -- The Logic of Sampling -- A Brief History of Sampling -- Nonprobability Sampling -- The Theory and Logic of Probability sampling -- Populations and Sampling Frames -- Types of Sampling Designs -- Multistage Cluster Sampling.