Machine generated contents note: Section I The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections -- Introduction: What Is Corrections? -- The Theoretical Underpinnings of Corrections -- A Short History of Correctional Punishment -- The Emergence of the Classical School -- The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense? -- The Function of Punishment -- Philosophies of and Justifications for Punishment -- Is the United States Hard or Soft on Crime? -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Section II A History of Corrections -- Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections -- Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice -- Early Punishments in Westernized Countries -- The First Jails -- Galley Slavery -- Poverty and Bridewells, Debtors' Prisons, and Houses of Correction -- Transportation -- Enlightenment -- Paradigm Shift -- John Howard -- Bentham and Beccaria -- William Penn --

Contents note continued: Colonial Jails and Prisons -- Early Modern Prisons and the Pennsylvania and New York Models -- The Walnut Street Jail -- The Pennsylvania Prison Model (Separate System) -- Auburn, Sing Sing, and the New York (Congregate) System -- Prisons: The Shame of Another Generation -- Dorothea Dix's Evaluation of Prisons and Jails -- The Failure of Reform Is Noted -- The Renewed Promise of Reform -- The 1870 American Prison Congress -- The Elmira Reformatory -- The Creation of Probation and Parole -- Southern and Northern Prisons and the Contract and Lease Systems, and Industrial Prisons -- Correctional Institutions or Warehouse Prisons? -- Historical Research -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings -- 1.An Historical Outline of the Penitentiary System / Alexis de Tocqueville -- Examines the state of the American prison system in the 1800s and compares it with the French system --

Contents note continued: 2.The World's Most Influential Prison: Success or Failure? / Norman Johnston -- Discusses the history and development of Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary -- 3."Much and Unfortunately Neglected": Women in Early and Mid-Nineteenth-Century Prisons / Nicole Hahn Rafter -- Examines the treatment of women in early American prisons -- Section III Jails and the Inmate Experience -- Introduction: The Community Institution -- Jail Types -- Jail Inmates and Their Processing -- Overcrowding -- Gender, Juveniles, Race, and Ethnicity -- The Poor and the Mentally Ill -- Medical Problems -- Substance Abuse and Jails -- Suicides and Sexual Violence in Jails -- Suicides -- Sexual Violence -- Innovations in Jails -- New Generation/Podular Direct Supervision Jails -- Community Jails -- Coequal Staffing -- Reentry Programs for Jails -- Jail Research -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- How to Read a Research Article --

Contents note continued: Readings -- 4.Gang Intervention in Jails: A National Analysis / Arlen Egley, Jr. -- Provides an overview of gang activity in jails -- 5.Recent Incarceration History Among a Sheltered Homeless Population / Dennis P. Culhane -- Examines the relationship between incarceration and homelessness -- 6.Inmate Assaults in Texas County Jails / Hsiao-Ming Wang -- Examines the type and frequency of inmate-on-inmate assaults in Texas jails -- Section IV Sentencing: The Application of Punishment -- Introduction: The Scope of Sentencing -- Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory -- Habitual Offender Statutes -- Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-Custodial Sentences -- Drug Courts -- Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate -- Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report -- PSI Controversies -- Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines -- The Future of Sentencing Guidelines -- Summary -- Key Terms --

Contents note continued: Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings -- 7.Cracked Justice / Valerie Wright -- Provides an overview of the controversy involving the disparity in crack and powder cocaine sentences -- 8.Projecting Felony Intakes to the Justice System / Pablo E. Martinez -- Examines how corrections administrators can plan for increases (and potential decreases) in inmate population levels -- Section V Probation and Community Corrections -- Introduction: The Origins of Probation -- Why Do We Need Community Corrections? -- Probation Officer Role and Models of Probation Supervision -- Community Corrections Assessment Tools -- Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism -- Intermediate Sanctions -- Intensive Supervision Probation -- Work Release -- Shock Probation/Parole and Boot Camps -- Legal Issues in Probation and Parole -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings --

Contents note continued: 9.Opening the Manager's Door: State Probation Officer Stress and Perceptions of Participation in Workplace Decision Making / W. Wesley Johnson -- Examines probation officers' attitudes and their work and the amount of stress involved in the job -- 10.The "Effectiveness" of Differential Supervision / Tiffany A. Whittaker -- Examines several different forms of community supervision -- 11.Examining the Effectiveness of Boot Camps: A Randomized Experiment With a Long-Term Follow Up / Michael E. Ezell -- Examines the impact of boot camps on recidivism -- Section VI Prisons and the Inmate Experience -- Introduction: The State of Prisons -- Prison Organizations -- Classification -- Prison Types and Levels -- Prison Value? -- Attributes of the Prison That Shape the Experience -- Total Institutions, Mortification, Importation, Prisonization -- Pains of Imprisonment -- The Prison Subculture -- Gangs and the Prison Subculture -- Violence --

Contents note continued: Why Prisons Are Violent -- The Amount of Violence -- Sexual Assaults -- Rioting -- Mature Coping -- Special Populations -- The Elderly and the Physically and Mentally Ill -- Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Inmates -- Prison Research -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings -- 12.Supermax Prisons: Their Rise, Current Practices, and Effect on Inmates / Vanja M. K. Stenius -- Examines the development of high-security prisons and how these institutions affect the inmates living in them -- 13.Assessing Static and Dynamic Influences on Inmate Violence Levels / Benjamin Steiner -- Examines the relative contributions of facility and state-level predictors of inmate misconduct -- 14.A Convict Perspective on the Classification of Prisoners / Jeffrey Ian Ross -- Provides a unique personal view of inmate life from a former inmate turned academic -- Section VII Parole and Prisoner Reentry --

Contents note continued: Introduction: What Is Parole? -- Brief History of Parole -- The Modern Parole System -- Parolee Recidivism -- What Goes In Must Come Out: Prisoner Reentry Into the Community -- The Impact of Imprisonment and Reentry on Communities -- What Makes for a Successful Reentry? -- Determining Parole "Success" -- Halfway Houses -- House Arrest, Electronic Monitoring, and Global Positioning Systems -- Concluding Remarks on Reentry and Recidivism -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings -- 15.Examining the Predictors of Recidivism Among Men and Women Released From Prison in Ohio / Lawrence F. Travis III -- Examines the extent to which factors such as deficits in education, employment, and housing, as well as the lack of treatment programs, create barriers to the successful reentry of inmates released from prison -- 16.Prisoner Reentry: What Works, What Does Not, and What Is Promising / Karen R. Kadela --

Contents note continued: Provides an overview and analysis of the various reentry programs -- 17.Prisoner Reentry in a Small Metropolitan Community: Obstacles and Policy Recommendations / Julie Mayfield -- Provides a qualitative examination of the reentry experiences of male offenders living in a small metropolitan community -- Section VIII The Corrections Experience for Staff -- Introduction -- The State of the Work in Correctional Institutions and Programs -- Growth in Staff and Clients/Inmates -- Rate of Pay -- Why the Need to Require More Education and Training Exists -- Stanford Prison Experiment -- Abu Ghraib -- Organizational-Level Factors That Affect the Correctional Workplace -- Bureaucracies -- Closed Institutions -- Total Institutions -- Individual-Level Factors That Affect the Correctional Workplace -- Race/Ethnicity and Gender -- Age -- Prior Military Service -- Correctional Roles -- The Role Defined -- Hack Versus Human Service -- The Subculture and Socialization --

Contents note continued: Subcultural Values -- Staff Interactions With Inmates -- The Defects of Total Power -- The Correctional Role When Supervising Juveniles -- Other Issues for Staff: Stress, Burnout, Turnover -- Collective Bargaining -- Abuse of Power -- Use of Force -- Ethics -- Perceived Benefits of Correctional Work -- Research on Correctional Staff -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings -- 18.Problems at Work: Exploring the Correlates of Role Stress Among Correctional Staff / Kasey A. Tucker -- Examines whether different aspects of the work environment (input into decision making, supervision, formalization, integration, job performance, and instrumental communication) are linked to role stress among correctional staff -- 19.Affirmative Action and the "Level Playing Field": Comparing Perceptions of Own and Minority Job Advancement Opportunities / Evan Gilman --

Contents note continued: Examines staff perceptions of prison affirmative action policies -- 20.Predicting Work-Related Stress in Correctional Officers: A Meta-Analysis / Claude Tellier -- Provides an overview of the research on how stress affects correctional officers -- Section IX Legal Issues in Corrections -- Historical Background: Prisoners as Slaves of the State -- The Prisoners' Rights Period: 1964-1978 -- The Deference Period: 1997-Present -- First Amendment -- Fourth Amendment -- Eighth Amendment -- Fourteenth Amendment -- The Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders -- Curtailing Prisoner Petitions -- The Death Penalty: Legal Challenges to the Ultimate Sanction -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Readings -- 21.Who Has the Body? The Paths to Habeas Corpus Reform / Cary Federman -- Examines the history and development of habeas corpus law and recent efforts to restrict the use of habeas corpus by inmates --

Contents note continued: 22.Sex Offender Laws: Can Treatment, Punishment, Incapacitation, and Public Safety Be Reconciled? / Amy Stichman -- Discusses the competing interests at play in the development and implementation of sexual offender laws -- Section X Correctional Programming and Treatment -- Introduction: The Rise and Fall (and Rise Again) of Rehabilitation -- History of Rehabilitation -- The Shift From "Nothing Works" to "What Works?" -- Evidence-Based Practices -- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy -- Substance Abuse Programming -- Anger Management -- Therapeutic Communities -- Pharmacological Treatment -- Sex Offenders and Their Treatment -- Mentally Ill Offenders -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Site -- Readings -- 23.The Recent Past and Near Future of Risk and/or Needs Assessment / J. Stephen Wormith -- Reviews the efficacy of inmate needs and risk assessment procedures --

Contents note continued: 24.Substance Abuse Treatment, Anticipated Maternal Roles, and Reentry Success of Drug-Involved Women Prisoners / Hilary L. Surratt -- Provides an analysis of recidivism and relapse experiences of substance-abusing women inmates as they reenter the community -- 25.Therapeutic Community in a California Prison: Treatment Outcomes After 5 Years / Kathryn E. McCollister -- Compares the recidivism rates of a group of inmates who participated in a prison-based therapeutic community in a California state prison with a comparison group of matched offenders -- Section XI Women and Corrections -- Introduction -- History and Growth -- Women in Historic Prisons -- Race in Early Prisons -- Discipline in Women's Prisons -- Hiring of Female Matrons -- Houses of Refuge for Girls and Boys -- Growth in Numbers of Women and Girls -- Current Figures on the Number of Women and Girls in Corrections -- Female Correctional Clients -- Female Staff -- Feminism --

Contents note continued: Females in Corrections: Needs, Programming, Abuse, and Adjustment -- Needs and Programming -- Abuse -- Adjustment and Pseudo Families -- Female Correctional Officers -- Overcoming Employment Obstacles -- Current Status: Equal Employment Versus Privacy Interests of Inmates, Qualifications for the Job, and Sexual and Gender Harassment -- Research on Women in Corrections -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings -- 26.A Historical Review of Mother and Child Programs for Incarcerated Women / Susan C. Craig -- Provides a historical review and discussion of programs for incarcerated mothers and their children -- 27.Pathways to Prison: Impact of Victimization in the Lives of Incarcerated Women / Dana D. DeHart -- Examines the ways in which victimization may contribute to criminal involvement among incarcerated women -- Section XII Minorities and Corrections -- Introduction --

Contents note continued: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination -- Disparity and Discrimination -- A Legacy of Racism: African Americans, American Indians, Hispanics, Asian Americans -- African Americans -- Native Americans or American Indians -- Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas -- Asian Americans -- The Connection Between Class and Race/Ethnicity -- Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration -- The Drug War: The New Jim Crow? -- Crack Versus Powder Cocaine -- Racial Profiling and DWB -- Minorities: Adjustment to Incarceration -- Victimization by Race and Ethnicity -- Probation or Prison? -- Minorities Working in Corrections -- Research on Minorities and Corrections -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings -- 28.Validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) Among African American and Hispanic Male Offenders / David J. Simourd --

Contents note continued: Examines the psychometric properties and validity of the LSI-R among a sample of African American and Hispanic male offenders -- 29.Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Types and Sources of Victimization Inside Prison / Cynthia L. Blitz -- Examines rates of victimization for a single prison system by racial and ethnic groupings and by type of perpetrator -- 30.Racial Desegregation in Prisons / Leo Carroll -- Examines the history, law, and research regarding racial desegregation in American prisons -- Section XIII Juveniles and Corrections -- Introduction: Delinquency and Status Offending -- The Extent of Delinquency -- The Juvenile Brain and Juvenile Behavior -- History and Philosophy of Juvenile Justice -- Childhood in the United States -- The Beginning of the Juvenile Courts -- Processing Juvenile Offenders -- Juveniles Waived to Criminal Court -- Extending Due Process to Juveniles -- Juvenile Community Corrections -- Intensive Probation --

Contents note continued: Residential and Institutional Juvenile Corrections -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Site -- Readings -- 31.Juvenile Justice: The Legacy of Punitive Policy / Alida V. Merlo -- Discusses the consequence (both intended and unintended) of increasingly harsh punishment for juvenile offenders -- 32.Juvenile Waiver, Boot Camp, and Recidivism in a Northwestern State / Andrew L. Giacomazzi -- A case study of how one state uses differential sanctions for serious juvenile offenders -- 33.A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of a Shock Incarceration and Aftercare Program for Juvenile Offenders / Kelli D. Stearman -- Examines the impact of shock incarceration on juvenile offenders -- Section XIV Corrections in the 21st Century -- Introduction: Learning From the Past so That We Have Hope for the Future -- Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections -- Rethinking Theories of Corrections -- Mass Decarceration? --

Contents note continued: Decreased Use of Incarceration -- Explanations for the Decline in the Use of Incarceration -- The Recession and Decreased Use of Incarceration -- Court-Ordered Decarceration: The Special Case of California -- Implications of Decarceration and the Need for a Plan of Action -- Professionalization -- Corrections Is a Relationship Business -- Privatization -- The Profit Motive in Corrections -- The Walnut Grove Correctional Facility -- The Extent of Privatization and Its Problems -- Concluding Thoughts -- The Future of Corrections Research Agenda -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Useful Internet Sites -- Readings -- 34.The Challenge of Change: Correctional Programs and Evidence-Based Practices / Edward J. Latessa -- Discusses the need for more research on "what works" in corrections and the importance of basing correctional practices on evidence rather than anecdote --

Contents note continued: 35.Make Rehabilitation Corrections' Guiding Paradigm / Francis T. Cullen -- Provides five reasons why criminologists should reaffirm rehabilitation as the guiding paradigm for correctional policy and practice.