Mathematics Used In Electromagnetism: -- Introduction -- Numbers -- Mathematical operations with vectors -- Calculus with vectors: the gradient -- Divergence, curl, and Strokes' Theorem -- Maxwell's equations -- AV-MATtrical Safety Aspects Of The Resistance Property Of Materials: -- Introduction -- Hazards caused by electrical resistance -- Resistance and conductance -- Example: Trunk of a human body -- Example: Limb of a human body -- Power and energy flow -- Sheet resistivity -- Example: Square of dry skin -- Spreading resistance -- Example: Circle of dry skin -- Particle conductivity -- Example: Potassium, sodium, and chlorine lons -- Cable resistance -- Capacitance Phenomena: -- Fundamentals of capacitance -- Capacitance and permittivity -- Capacitance in electrical circuits -- Capacitance of body parts: -- Example: Skin capacitance^^^

Example: Capacitance of truck and limb -- AV-MATtrical hazards of capacitance -- Capacitance of cables -- Inductance Phenomena: -- Inductance in electrical theory -- Inductance of wires -- Example: Inductance of a conductor -- Example: Inductance of truck and limb -- Inductors or reactors -- Skin effect -- Cable inductance -- Surge impedance -- Bus Bar impedance calculations -- Circuit Mode Of The Human Body: -- Calculation of electrical shock using the circuit model of the body -- Frequency response of the human body -- Effect Of Current On The Human Body: -- Introduction of electrical shock -- Human and animal sensitivities to electric current -- Human body impedance -- Effects of various exposure conditions: -- Bare feet, wet conditions, and other variations -- Shoes and other insulated objects and the earth -- Current paths through the body^^^its -- Capacitance of body parts: -- Example: Skin capacitance^^^

Human response to electrical shock varies with exposure conditions, current magnitude, and duration -- Medical imaging and simulations -- Fundamentals Of Ground Grid Design: -- Introduction to ground grid design -- Summary of ground grid design procedures: -- Site survey -- Conductor sizing -- Step and touch voltages -- Ground grid layout -- Ground resistance calculation -- Calculation of maximum grid current -- Calculation Of Ground Potential Rise (GPR) -- Calculation of mesh voltage, Em -- Calculation of step voltage, Es -- Detailed design -- Example design from IEEE standard 80 -- Safety Aspects Of Ground Grid Operation And Maintenance: -- Introduction -- Effects of high fault currents -- Damage or failure of grounding equipment: -- Thermal damage to conductors due to excessive short-circuit currents -- Connector damage due to excessive short-circuit stresses -- Drying of the soil resulting in increased soil resistivity^^^

Recommendations -- Grounding Of Distribution Systems: -- Stray currents in distribution systems -- Three-phrase multigrounded neutral distribution line -- Secondary systems: 120/240 V single phase: -- Example Of Stray Currents: Touching a grounded conductor -- Example Of Stray Currents: With one conductor shorted to neutral -- Remediation of stray-current problems -- Grounding and overvoltages in distribution systems -- High-resistance grounding of distribution systems: -- Methods of determining charging current -- Arc Flash Hazard Analysis: -- Introduction to arc flash hazards -- Factors affecting the severity of arc flash hazards -- Example arc flash calculations -- Remediation of arc flash hazards: -- Example: Correcting an arc flash problem when a coordination problem requires replacing trip units -- Example: Correcting a coordination problem without introducing an arc flash problem^^^soil resulting in increased soil resistivity^^^

Coordination of low-voltage breaker instantaneous trips for arc flash hazard reduction: -- Hospital #1: Time-current curve examples -- Hospital # 2: Time-current curve examples -- Hospital # 3: Time-current curve examples -- Low-voltage transformer secondary arc flash protection using fuses -- Effects Of High Fault Currents On Protection And Metering: -- Introduction -- Current transformer saturation -- Saturations of low-ratio CTs: -- AC saturation -- DC saturation -- Testing of current transformer saturation -- Effect of high fault currents on coordination -- Protective relay ratings and settings -- Effects of fault currents on protective relays: -- Examples -- Methods for upgrading protection systems: -- Update short-circuit study -- Update protective device coordination study -- Effects Of High Fault Currents On Circuit Breakers: -- Insufficient interrupting capability -- High voltage air circuit breakers -- Vacuum circuit breakers^^^

SF6 circuit breakers -- Loss of interruption medium -- Interrupting ratings of switching devices -- Circuit breakers -- Fuses -- Case studies: -- Example: Diablo canyon -- Example: Dresden and quad cities -- Low-voltage circuit breakers -- Testing of low-voltage circuit breakers: -- Testing of low-voltage molded-case circuit breakers according to UL Standard 489 -- Testing of low-voltage molded-case circuit breakers for use with uninterruptible power supplies according to UL Standard 489 -- Testing of supplementary protectors for use in electrical equipment according to UL Standard 1077 -- Testing of transfer switch equipment according to UL Standard 1008 -- Testing of low-voltage AC power circuit breakers according to ANSI Standard C37-50-1989 -- Testing of low-voltage DC power circuit breakers according to IEEE Standard C37-14-2002 -- Testing of low-voltage switchgear and control gear according to IEC Standard 60947-1^^^$tVacuum circuit breakers^^^

Testing of low-voltage AC and DC circuit breakers according to IEC Standard 60947-2 -- Testing of circuit breakers used for across-the-line starters for motors according to IEC Standard 6094-4-1 -- Testing of circuit breakers used in households and similar installations according to IEC Standard 60898-1 and -2 -- Testing of circuit breakers used in equipment such as electrical appliances according to IEC Standard 60934 -- Testing of high-voltage circuit breakers -- Mechanical Forces And Thermal Effects In Substation Equipment Due To High Fault Currents: -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Short-circuit mechanical forces on rigid bus bars: -- Short-circuit mechanical forces on rigid bus bars: circular cross section -- Short-circuit mechanical forces: rectangular cross section -- Dynamic effects of short circuits -- Short-circuit thermal effects -- Flexible conductor buses: -- Conductor motion during a fault -- Pinch forces on bundled conductors^^^akers^^^

Force safety devices -- Substation cable and conductor systems: -- Cable thermal limits -- Cable mechanical limits -- Distribution line conductor motion -- Effects of high fault currents on substation insulators: -- Station post insulators for rigid bus bars -- Suspension insulators for flexible conductor buses -- Effects of high fault currents on Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS) -- Effect Of High Fault Currents On Transmission Lines: -- Introduction -- Effect of high fault current on Non-Ceramic Insulators (NCI) -- Conductor motion due to fault currents -- Calculation of fault current motion for horizontally spaced conductors -- Effect of conductor shape -- Conductor equations of motion -- Effect of conductor stretch -- Calculation of fault current motion for vertically spaced conductors -- Calculation procedure -- Calculation of tension change with motion -- Calculation of mechanical loading on phase-to-phase spacers^^^ conductors^^^akers^^^

Effects of bundle pinch on conductors and spacers -- Lighting And Surge Protection: -- Surge voltage sources and waveshapes -- Surge propagation, refraction, and reflection -- Insulation withstand characteristics and protection -- Surge arrester characteristics -- Surge arrester application --