chemicals -- Toxicity and the factors that modify toxic responses -- Biological poisons : plant and animal

classical and deterrence research -- 4. Early positivism : biological theories of crime -- 5. Modern

foundation of language : Where did language come from? ; Do animals have language? ; The biological basis of

machine metaphors of the 20th century to mathematical models of the processes of biological and natural

-- Biological model : medical causes for psychological disorders -- Psychological models -- Biopsychosocial

-- Learning theory models of personality -- Cognitive and humanistic (phenomenological) models of personality

-- Political change -- The problem of `tradition' -- Secularization and religion -- Dichotomous models -- The