What Is Criminology? -- What Is Crime? -- Crime as a Moving Target -- Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms -- Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes -- Criminality -- A Short History of Criminology -- The Role of Theory in Criminology -- What Is Theory? -- How to Think About Theories -- Ideology in Criminological Theory -- Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy -- A Brief Word About the Section Readings -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Exercises and Discussion Questions -- Useful Websites -- How to Read a Research Article -- Reading -- 1.The Use and Usefulness of Criminology, 1751-2005: Enlightened Justice and Its Failures -- A short history of criminology and a cry to make it useful and experimental. / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior / Lawrence W. Sherman -- The Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Cleared Offenses / Lawrence W. Sherman --

Crime Trends / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Problems With the UCR / Lawrence W. Sherman -- NIBRS: The "New and Improved" UCR / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Crime Victimization Survey Data and Their Problems / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Areas of Agreement Between the UCR and NCVS / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Self-Reported Crime Surveys and Their Problems / Lawrence W. Sherman -- The Dark Figure of Crime / Lawrence W. Sherman -- What Can We Conclude About the Three Main Measures of Crime in America? / Lawrence W. Sherman -- The FBI's Ten Most Wanted / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Summary / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Key Terms / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Useful Websites / Lawrence W. Sherman -- Readings / Lawrence W. Sherman -- 2.Gender Gap Trends for Violent Crimes, 1980 to 2003: A UCR-NCVS Comparison / Lawrence W. Sherman --

Examines the "masculinization of women" versus "police policy change" hypotheses to determine the reason for decreasing male/female arrest ratios for assault. / Darrell Steffensmeier / Hua Zhong / Suzanne Agha / Jennifer Schwartz / Jeff Ackerman -- 3.Methamphetamine Use, Self-Reported Violent Crime, and Recidivism Among Offenders in California Who Abuse Substances / Darrell Steffensmeier / Hua Zhong / Suzanne Agha / Jennifer Schwartz / Jeff Ackerman -- Illustrates criminologists' use of self-report data using data from paroles. / Jerome Cartier / Michael L. Prendergast / David Farabee -- 4.Race and the Probability of Arrest / Jerome Cartier / Michael L. Prendergast / David Farabee -- Uses UCR and NIBRS data to examine the "differential offending" versus "police bias" hypotheses to determine the reason for differential black/white arrest rates. / Stewart J. D'Alessio / Lisa Stolzenberg --

The Emergence of Victimology / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Who Gets Victimized? / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Victimization in the Workplace and School / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Child Molestation: Who Gets Victimized? / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Human Trafficking / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Victimization Theories / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Victim Precipitation Theory / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theory / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Is Victimology "Blaming the Victim"? / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- The Consequences of Victimization / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Victimization and the Criminal Justice System / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Summary / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Key Terms / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio --

Exercises and Discussion Questions / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- Useful Websites / Stewart J. D'Alessio / Lisa Stolzenberg -- Readings / Lisa Stolzenberg / Stewart J. D'Alessio -- 5.Violent Victimization as a Risk Factor for Violent Offending Among Juveniles / Stewart J. D'Alessio / Lisa Stolzenberg -- This longitudinal study found that violent offenders and victims of violent offenders share common risk factors. / R. Barry Ruback / Jennifer N. Shaffer -- 6.Age, Criminal Victimization, and Offending: Changing Relationships From Adolescence to Middle Adulthood / Jennifer N. Shaffer / R. Barry Ruback -- This shows that victimization is predictive of crime (and vice versa) at some, but not all, stages of life. / Scott Menard -- Preclassical Notions of Crime and Criminals / Scott Menard -- The Classical School / Scott Menard -- Cesare Beccaria / Scott Menard -- Jeremy Bentham and Human Nature / Scott Menard --

The Rise of Positivism / Scott Menard -- Cartographic Criminology / Scott Menard -- Biological Positivism: Cesare Lombroso and the Born Criminal / Scott Menard -- Raffaele Garofalo: Natural Crime and Offender Peculiarities / Scott Menard -- Enrico Ferri and Social Defense / Scott Menard -- Neoclassicism: The Return of Choice and Deterrence / Scott Menard -- Rational Choice Theory / Scott Menard -- Routine Activities Theory / Scott Menard -- Deterrence and Choice: Pain Versus Gain / Scott Menard -- Evaluation of Neoclassical Theories / Scott Menard -- Policy and Prevention: Implications of Classical and Neoclassical Theories / Scott Menard -- Is the United States Hard or Soft on Crime? / Scott Menard -- Summary / Scott Menard -- Key Terms / Scott Menard -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Scott Menard -- Useful Websites / Scott Menard -- Readings / Scott Menard -- 7.An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation / Scott Menard --

Benthams classical statement of the principle of utility. / Jeremy Bentham -- 8.The Economics of Crime / Jeremy Bentham -- Becker sees criminals as rational beings who respond to reward and punishment as well as everyone else. / Gary S. Becker -- The Social Structural Tradition / Gary S. Becker -- The Chicago School of Social Ecology/Social Disorganization / Gary S. Becker -- Evaluation of Social Ecology/Social Disorganization Theory / Gary S. Becker -- The Anomie/Strain Tradition / Gary S. Becker -- Robert Mertons Extension of Anomie Theory / Gary S. Becker -- Institutional Anomie Theory / Gary S. Becker -- Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory / Gary S. Becker -- Subcultural Theories / Gary S. Becker -- Walter Miller's Focal Concerns / Gary S. Becker -- Evaluation of the Anomie/Strain and Subcultural Tradition / Gary S. Becker -- Gangs Today / Gary S. Becker -- Why Do Young People Join Gangs? / Gary S. Becker --

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories / Gary S. Becker -- Summary / Gary S. Becker -- Key Terms / Gary S. Becker -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Gary S. Becker -- Useful Websites / Gary S. Becker -- Readings / Gary S. Becker -- 9.Community Correlates of Rural Youth Violence / Gary S. Becker -- The concepts of social disorganization theory apply to rural communities also. / D. Wayne Osgood / Jeff M. Chambers -- 10.Social Structure and Anomie / D. Wayne Osgood / Jeff M. Chambers -- People adjust to cultural and structural imperatives in different ways, some of which are criminal. / Robert K. Merton -- 11.Gangs and Social Change / Robert K. Merton -- Exploring American gangs from a macro social structural point of view. / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- The Basic Assumptions of Social Process Theories / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Differential Association Theory / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski --

Evaluation of Differential Association Theory / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Ronald Akers' Social Learning Theory / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Evaluation of Social Learning Theory / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Social Control Theories / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Travis Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- The Role of Opportunity / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Integrating Social Control and Self-Control Theories / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Evaluation of Social Control and Self-Control Theories / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Labeling Theory: The Irony of Social Reaction / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Sykes and Matza's Neutralization Theory / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Evaluation of Labeling and Neutralization Theories / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Process Theories / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski --

Summary / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Key Terms / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Useful Websites / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Readings / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- 12.Social Control in China: Applications of the Labeling Theory and the Reintegrative Shaming Theory / Martin Sánchez-Jankowski -- Chinese culture relies on shaming to reintegrate antisocial individuals after they have been punished. / Xiaoming Chen -- 13.Gender and Crime Among Felony Offenders: Assessing the Generality of Social Control and Differential Association Theories / Xiaoming Chen -- Is there a general theory of crime? This article says that there is. / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- The Conflict Perspective of Society / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Karl Marx and Revolution / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen --

Willem Bonger: The First Marxist Criminologist / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Modern Marxist Criminology / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen / Leanne Fial Alarid -- Left Realism / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Conflict Theory: Max Weber, Power, and Conflict / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Situating Conflict Theory in Relation to Marxist and Labeling Theory / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Peacemaking Criminology / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Evaluation of Critical Theories / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Feminist Criminology / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Womens Liberation and Crime / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen --

Power-Control Theory / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Structured Action Theory: "Doing Gender" / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen / Leanne Fial Alarid -- Biosocial Feminist Theory / Francis T. Cullen / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Leanne Fial Alarid -- Anne Campbell's Staying Alive Hypothesis / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen / Leanne Fial Alarid -- Evaluation of Feminist Theories / Francis T. Cullen / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Leanne Fial Alarid -- Policy and Prevention: Implications of Critical Theories / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Leanne Fial Alarid / Francis T. Cullen -- Summary / Francis T. Cullen / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Leanne Fial Alarid -- Key Terms / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Leanne Fial Alarid / Francis T. Cullen -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Francis T. Cullen / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Leanne Fial Alarid -- Useful Websites / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen / Leanne Fial Alarid --

Readings / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- 14.Crime, Punishment, and the American Dream: Toward a Marxist Integration / Leanne Fial Alarid / Delmer S. Burton Jr / Francis T. Cullen -- Institutional anomie theory is correct: America is organized for crime, but it is not Marxist enough. Also addresses Americas "imprisonment binge' / Barbara A. Sims -- 15.Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice: Feminist Criminology in an Era of Backlash / Barbara A. Sims -- Feminism is suffering a backlash. To counter this, feminist criminology must prioritize its research agenda around sexism, racism, and punishment. / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Basic Assumptions of the Psychosocial Perspective on Criminal Behavior / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Intelligence / Meda Chesney-Lind -- The IQ/Crime Connection / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Temperament and Personality / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Conscience and Arousal / Meda Chesney-Lind --

Neurological Arousal and Crime / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Glenn Walters's Lifestyle Theory / Meda Chesney-Lind -- The Antisocial Personalities / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Policy and Prevention: Implications of Psychosocial Theories / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Summary / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Key Terms / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Useful Websites / Meda Chesney-Lind -- Readings / Meda Chesney-Lind -- 16.Temperament, Environment, and Antisocial Behavior in a Population Sample of Preadolescent Boys and Girls / Meda Chesney-Lind -- The risk-producing and risk-buffering interactions between temperament and various other measures on antisocial behavior. / Albertine J. Oldehinkel / Johan Ormel / Andrea F. De Winter / Siegwart Lindenberg / René Veenstra --

17.Psychopathy: Theory, Measurement, and Treatment / Albertine J. Oldehinkel / Andrea F. De Winter / Johan Ormel / Siegwart Lindenberg / René Veenstra -- An overview of the concept, theory, measurement, and treatment of psychopathy. / Anh Vien / Anthony R. Beech -- Behavior Genetics / Anh Vien / Anthony R. Beech -- Gene-Environment Interaction and Correlation / Anh Vien / Anthony R. Beech -- Behavior Genetics and Criminal Behavior / Anh Vien / Anthony R. Beech -- Molecular Genetics / Anh Vien / Anthony R. Beech -- Evolutionary Psychology / Anh Vien / Anthony R. Beech -- The Evolution of Criminal Traits / Anh Vien / Anthony R. Beech -- The Neurosciences / Anh Vien / Anthony R. Beech -- Softwiring the Brain by Experience / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Reward Dominance and Prefrontal Dysfunction Theories / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Some Other Biosocial Risk Factors / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien --

Evaluation of the Biosocial Perspective / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Policy and Prevention: Implications of Biosocial Theories / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Summary / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Key Terms / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Useful Websites / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Readings / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- 18.Neuroimaging Studies of Aggressive and Violent Behavior: Current Findings and Implications for Criminology and Criminal justice / Anthony R. Beech / Anh Vien -- Neuroscience can advance criminological theories and inform criminal justice practice. / Vickie R. Luttrell / Jana L. Bufkin -- 19.A Theory Explaining Biological Correlates of Criminality / Vickie R. Luttrell / Jana L. Bufkin -- This theory attempts to tie together many of the biosocial correlates of crime. / Lee Ellis --

20.A Gene-Based Evolutionary Explanation for the Association Between Criminal Involvement and Number of Sex Partners / Lee Ellis -- Integrates parenting vs. mating theory with molecular genetics. / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Risk and Protective Factors for Serious Delinquency / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Major Developmental Theories / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Robert Agnew's General Theory or Super Traits Theory / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- David Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) Theory / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Terrie Moffitt's Dual Pathway Developmental Theory / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Developmental Theory / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Evaluation of Developmental Theories / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright --

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Developmental Theories / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright / Kevin M. Beaver -- Summary / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Key Terms / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Useful Websites / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Readings / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- 21.The Adolescence-Limited/Life-Course Persistent Theory of Antisocial Behavior: What Have We Learned? / Kevin M. Beaver / Anthony Walsh / John R Wright -- Examines 10 years of research findings based on the adolescent-limited/life-course persistent developmental theory. / Anthony Walsh / Terrie E. Moffitt -- 22.A Life-Course View of the Development of Crime / Anthony Walsh / Terrie E. Moffitt --

Age-graded theory of informal social control explains persistent offending as well as desisting from offending. / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Murder / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Categories of Murder / Robert J. Sampson / John H. Laub -- Rape / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Robbery / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Aggravated Assault / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Domestic Violence / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Gun Violence / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Theories of Violence / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Violence and Inequality / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Summary / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Key Terms / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Useful Websites / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- Readings / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson --

23.Stick-Up, Street Culture, and Offender Motivation / John H. Laub / Robert J. Sampson -- The background, motivations, and decision-making processes of street robbers. / Richard Wright / Bruce A. Jacobs -- 24.Getting the Upper Hand: Scripts for Managing Victim Resistance in Carjackings / Richard Wright / Bruce A. Jacobs -- This qualitative article describes how carjackers manage those who resist them. / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Mass, Spree, and Serial Murder / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler / Heith Copes -- Prevalence of Serial Killing / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- A Typology of Serial Killers / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Theories of Serial Killing / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Offender Profiling / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Terrorism / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler --

Terrorism and Common Crime / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Terrorism on the Home Front / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Theories of Terrorism / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Summary / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Key Terms / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Useful Websites / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- Readings / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- 25.African Americans and Serial Killing in the Media: The Myth and the Reality / Heith Copes / Michael Cherbonneau / Andy Hochstetler -- African Americans are significantly overrepresented among serial killers, but few people know this. / Anthony Walsh -- 26.The Terrorist Mind I: A Psychological and Political Analysis / Anthony Walsh --

The psychological, social, and political forces behind terrorism. / Laurence Miller -- Larceny/Theft / Laurence Miller -- Burglary / Laurence Miller -- Burglars and Their Motives / Laurence Miller -- Choosing Burglary Targets / Laurence Miller -- Disposing of the Loot / Laurence Miller -- Motor Vehicle Theft / Laurence Miller -- Arson / Laurence Miller -- Crimes of Guile and Deceit: Embezzlement, Fraud, and Forgery/Counterfeiting / Laurence Miller -- Cybercrime: Oh What a Tangled World Wide Web We Weave / Laurence Miller -- Identity Theft / Laurence Miller -- Denial of Service Attack: Virtual Kidnapping and Extortion / Laurence Miller -- Who Are the Hackers? / Laurence Miller -- Software Piracy / Laurence Miller -- Internet Child Pornography and Cyber Seduction / Laurence Miller -- Summary / Laurence Miller -- Key Terms / Laurence Miller -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Laurence Miller -- Useful Websites / Laurence Miller --

Readings / Laurence Miller -- 27.Searching a Dwelling: Deterrence and the Undeterred Residential Burglar / Laurence Miller -- The motivations, fears, and techniques of residential burglars revealed. / Richard Wright -- 28.The Novelty of "Cybercrime": An Assessment in Light of Routine Activity Theory / Richard Wright -- Routine activity theory can be fruitfully applied to understanding cybercrime. / Majid Yar -- The Scope of the Alcohol/Crime Problem / Majid Yar -- The Effects of Alcohol and Context on Behavior / Majid Yar -- Drunk Driving / Majid Yar -- Alcoholism: Type I and Type II / Majid Yar -- Illegal Drugs and Crime / Majid Yar -- The Extent of the Illicit Drug Problem / Majid Yar -- Drug Addiction / Majid Yar -- Drug Classification / Majid Yar -- The Drugs/Violence Link / Majid Yar -- What Causes Drug Abuse? / Majid Yar -- Does Drug Abuse Cause Crime? / Majid Yar -- Prostitution and Commercialized Vice / Majid Yar --

Becoming a Prostitute / Majid Yar -- Should Prostitution Be Legalized or Decriminalized? / Majid Yar -- Summary / Majid Yar -- Key Terms / Majid Yar -- Exercises and Discussion Questions / Majid Yar -- Useful Websites / Majid Yar -- Readings / Majid Yar -- 29.Alcohol Problems and the Differentiation of Partner, Stranger, and General Violence / Majid Yar -- Explores the effects of alcohol on violence among partners and strangers. / Bud C. Ballinger III / Rosemary Cogan -- 30.The Association Between Multiple Drug Misuse and Crime / Rosemary Cogan / Bud C. Ballinger III -- The various aspects of multiple drug use and how it is associated with crime is explored. / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- The Concept of White-Collar Crime / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Occupational Crime / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Causes of Occupational White-Collar Crime: Are They Different? / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway --

Corporate Crime / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Theories of Corporate Crime / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Law Enforcement Response to Corporate Crime / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Organized Crime / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- What Is Organized Crime? / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- The Origins of Organized Crime in the United States / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Other Organized Crime Groups / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- The Japanese Yakuza / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- African American Organized Crime / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Asian Groups / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Latino Groups / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Theories of Organized Crime / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Summary / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Key Terms / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway --

Exercises and Discussion Questions / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Useful Websites / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Readings / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- 31.Criminal Thinking and Identity in Male White-Collar Offenders / Trevor Bennett / Katy Holloway -- Do white-collar criminals think differently from street criminals? It depends. / Glenn D. Walters / Matthew D. Geyer -- 32.Examining the Role of Differential Association and Techniques of Neutralization in Explaining Corporate Crime / Glenn D. Walters / Matthew D. Geyer -- Exposes the unethical attitudes in the name of corporate profits among MBA students. / Stephen G. Tibbetts / Nicole Leeper Piquero / Michael B. Blankenship -- 33.The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders? / Stephen G. Tibbetts / Nicole Leeper Piquero / Michael B. Blankenship --

Is organized crime the result of crime-prone people exploiting criminal opportunities, or do criminal opportunities create criminals? / Jay S. Albanese.