Title:
Ecosystems and human health : toxicology and environmental hazards
Author:
Philp, Richard B.
ISBN:
9781466567214
Personal Author:
Edition:
Third edition.
Publication Information:
Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2013.
Physical Description:
xix, 418 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 24 cm.
Contents:
Machine generated contents note: Introduction -- Pharmacokinetics -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Biotransformation -- Elimination -- Pharmacodynamics -- Ligand Binding and Receptors -- Biological Variation and Data Manipulation -- Dose Response -- Probit Analysis -- Cumulative Effects -- Factors Influencing Responses to Xenobiotics -- Age -- Body Composition -- Sex -- Genetic Factors -- Presence of Pathology -- Xenobiotic Interactions -- Some Toxicological Considerations -- Acute versus Chronic Toxicity -- Acute Toxicity -- Peripheral Neurotoxins -- Central Neurotoxins -- Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation -- Uncoupling Agents -- Inhibitors of Intermediary Metabolism -- Chronic Toxicity -- Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis -- Introduction -- Genetics of Carcinogenesis -- Oncogene -- Proto-Oncogene -- Tumor Suppressor Genes -- Growth Factor Receptors -- Hormone Receptors -- Drug Resistance Genes -- Antisense Genes -- Genetic Predisposition to Cancer --
Contents note continued: Epigenetic Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis -- Viruses and Cancer -- Models of Carcinogenesis -- Model 1 -- Model 2 -- Model 3 -- Model 4 -- Model 5 -- Model 6 -- Stages of Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis -- Initiation -- Promotion -- Progression -- DNA and Cell Repair -- Response of Tissues to Chemical Insult -- DNA Repair -- Cell Repair and Regeneration in Toxic Reactions -- Fetal Toxicology -- Teratogenesis -- Transplacental Carcinogenesis -- Population and Pollution -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Assessment of Toxicity versus Risk -- Predicting Risk: Workplace versus the Environment -- Acute Exposures -- Chronic Exposures -- Very-Low-Level, Long-Term Exposures -- Carcinogenesis -- Risk Assessment and Carcinogenesis -- Sources of Error in Predicting Cancer Risks -- Portal-of-Entry Effects -- Age Effects -- Exposure to Co-Carcinogens and Promoters -- Species Differences -- Extrapolation of Animal Data to Humans --
Contents note continued: Hormesis -- Natural versus Anthropogenic Carcinogens -- Reliability of Tests of Carcinogenesis -- Environmental Monitoring -- Setting Safe Limits in the Workplace -- Some Important Definitions -- Environmental Risks: Problems with Assessment and Public Perceptions -- Psychological Impact of Real and Potential Environmental Risks -- Voluntary Risk Acceptance versus Imposed Risks -- Costs of Risk Avoidance -- Some Examples of Major Industrial Accidents and Environmental Chemical Exposures with Human Health Implications -- Nuclear Accidents -- Formaldehyde -- Dioxin (TCDD) -- Some Legal Aspects of Risk -- De Minimis Concept -- Delaney Amendment -- Statistical Problems with Risk Assessment -- Risk Management -- Precautionary Principle -- Case Study 1 -- Case Study 2 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Factors Affecting Toxicants in Water -- Exchange of Toxicants in an Ecosystem --
Contents note continued: Factors (Modifiers) Affecting Uptake of Toxicants from the Environment -- Abiotic Modifiers -- Biotic Modifiers -- Invasive Species -- Some Important Definitions -- Toxicity Testing in Marine and Aquatic Species -- Water Quality -- Sources of Pollution -- Some Major Water Pollutants -- Chemical Classification of Pesticides -- Health Hazards of Pesticides and Related Chemicals -- Chlorinated Hydrocarbons -- Chlorophenoxy Acid Herbicides -- Organophosphates (Organophosphorus Insecticides) -- Carbamates -- Bhopal Disaster -- Acidity and Toxic Metals -- Chemical Hazards from Waste Disposal -- Love Canal Story -- Problems with Love Canal Studies -- Toxicants in the Great Lakes: Implications for Human Health and Wildlife -- Evidence of Adverse Effects on Human Health -- Evidence for Adverse Effects in Wildlife -- Global Warming and Water Levels in the Great Lakes -- Marine Environment -- Sources of Marine Pollution -- Nonpoint Sources of Pollution --
Contents note continued: Point Sources of Pollution -- Biological Hazards in Drinking Water -- Walkerton Water Crisis -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Types of Air Pollution -- Gaseous Pollutants -- Particulates -- Smog -- Sources of Air Pollution -- Atmospheric Distribution of Pollutants -- Movement in the Troposphere -- Movement in the Stratosphere -- Water and Soil Transport of Air Pollutants -- Types of Pollutants -- Gaseous Pollutants -- Particulate Pollutants -- Health Effects of Air Pollution -- Acute Effects -- Chronic Effects -- Adverse Effects of Aerial Spraying -- Light-Brown Apple Moth -- Painted Apple Moth and the Asian Gypsy Moth -- Other Incidents -- Spraying with Conventional Insecticides -- Air Pollution in the Workplace -- Asbestos -- Silicosis -- Pyrolysis of Plastics -- Dust -- Methane -- CO and NO2 -- Multiple Chemical Sensitivity -- Chemical Impact of Pollutants on the Environment -- Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain --
Contents note continued: Chemistry of Ozone -- Chlorine -- Climate Change -- Global Warming Debate -- Chemistry of Climate Change -- Water -- Carbon Dioxide -- Methane -- Sulfur Dioxide -- Motor Vehicle Exhaust -- Subtle Greenhouse Effects -- Global Cooling: New Ice Age? -- Natural Factors and Climate Change -- Remedies -- Case Study 3 -- Case Study 4 -- Case Study 5 -- Case Study 6 -- Case Study 7 -- Case Study 8 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Early Examples of Toxicity from Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- Physicochemical Characteristics and Classes of Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- Antibacterial Disinfectants -- Herbicides -- Dioxin (TCDD) Toxicity -- Hepatotoxicity -- Porphyria -- Chloracne -- Carcinogenicity -- Neurotoxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Metabolic Disturbances -- Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and Enzyme Induction -- Paraquat -- Insecticides -- Industrial and Commercial Chemicals -- Biphenyls -- Toxicity --
Contents note continued: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism -- Biodegradation -- Accidental Human Exposures -- Problem of Disposal -- Solvents -- Toxicity -- Mechanism of Toxicity -- Trihalomethanes -- Case Study 9 -- Case Study 10 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Lead -- Toxicokinetics of Lead -- Cellular Toxicity of Lead -- Fetal Toxicity -- Treatment -- Mercury -- Elemental Mercury Toxicity -- Inorganic Mercurial Salts -- Organic Mercurials -- Mechanism of Mercury Toxicity -- Treatment of Mercury Poisoning -- The Grassy Narrows Story -- Cadmium -- Cadmium Toxicokinetics -- Cadmium Toxicity -- Treatment -- Arsenic -- Toxicokinetics of Arsenicals -- Toxicity of Arsenicals -- Treatment -- Environmental Effects of Arsenic -- Chromium -- Other Metals -- Aluminum -- Manganese -- Uranium -- Antimony -- Nutritional Elements -- Metallothioneins -- Carcinogenicity of Metals -- Unusual Sources of Heavy Metal Exposure -- Case Study 11 -- Case Study 12 --
Contents note continued: Case Study 13 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Classes of Solvents -- Aliphatic Hydrocarbons -- Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons -- Aliphatic Alcohols -- Glycols and Glycol Ethers -- Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Solvent-Related Cancer in the Workplace -- Benzene -- Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether -- Dimethylformamide and Glycol Ethers -- Ethylene Oxide (CH2CH2O) -- Factors Influencing the Risk of a Toxic Reaction -- Nonoccupational Exposures to Solvents -- Case Study 14 -- Case Study 15 -- Case Study 16 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Food Additives -- Food and Drug Regulations -- Some Types of Food Additives -- Artificial Food Colors -- Banned or Restricted Artificial Food Colors -- Emulsifiers -- Preservatives and Antioxidants -- Artificial Sweeteners -- Flavor Enhancers -- Drug Residues -- Antibiotics and Drug Resistance -- Infectious Drug Resistance -- Infectious Diseases -- Allergy --
Contents note continued: Hormones as Growth Promotants in Livestock -- Diethylstilbestrol -- Bovine Growth Hormone -- Other Hormonal Growth Promotants -- Natural Toxicants and Carcinogens in Human Foods -- Some Natural Toxicants -- Favism -- Toxic Oil Syndrome -- Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome -- Herbal Remedies -- Natural Carcinogens in Foods -- Case Study 17 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Classes of Insecticides -- Organochlorines (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons) -- Organophosphorus Insecticides -- Carbamate Insecticides -- Botanical Insecticides -- Herbicides -- Chlorphenoxy Compounds -- Dinitrophenols -- Bipyridyls -- Carbamate Herbicides -- Triazines -- Fungicides -- Dicarboximides -- Newer Biological Control Methods -- Government Regulation of Pesticides -- Problems Associated with Pesticides -- Development of Resistance -- Multiple Pesticide Resistance -- Nonspecificity -- Environmental Contamination -- Balancing the Risks and Benefits --
Contents note continued: Toxicity of Pesticides for Humans -- Case Study 18 -- Case Study 19 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Some Health Problems Associated with Mycotoxins -- Ergotism -- Aleukia -- Some Specific Mycotoxins -- Aflatoxins -- Fumonisins -- Ochratoxins -- Patulin -- Fusarium Species -- Zearalenone -- Vomitoxin (Deoxynivalenol or DON) -- Other Tricothecenes -- Economic Impact of Mycotoxins -- Detoxification of Grains -- Harvesting and Milling -- Chemical Treatments -- Binding Agents -- Other Techniques -- Other Toxins in Unicellular Members of the Plant Kingdom -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Toxic and Venomous Animals -- Toxic and Venomous Marine Animals -- Scale Fish Toxins -- Ciguatoxin -- Tetrodotoxin -- Scombroid Toxins -- Ichthyotoxin -- Red Tide Dinoflagellate Toxicity for Higher Species -- Shellfish Toxins -- Saxitoxins -- Brevetoxins -- Domoic Acid -- Okadaic Acid --
Contents note continued: Azaspiracid Toxin -- Yessotoxin -- Palytoxin -- Stinging Fish Venoms -- Mollusk Venoms -- Conotoxins -- Coelenterate Toxins -- Echinoderm Venoms -- Freshwater Algae -- Toxic and Venomous Land Animals -- Venomous Snakes -- Snake Venoms -- First Aid -- Venomous Arthropods -- Toxic Plants and Mushrooms -- Introduction -- Vesicants -- Cardiac Glycosides -- Astringents and Gastrointestinal Irritants (Pyrogallol Tannins) -- Autonomic Agents -- Dissolvers of Microtubles -- Phorbol Esters (for Example, Phorbol Myristate Acetate, PMA) -- Cyanogenic Glycosides -- Detoxification of Hydrogen Cyanide -- Convulsants -- Used in Research and Treatment -- Case Study 20 -- Case Study 21 -- Case Study 22 -- Case Study 23 -- Case Study 24 -- Case Study 25 -- Case Study 26 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Lake Apopka Incident -- Brief Review of the Physiology of Estrogens and Androgens -- Disruption of Endocrine Function -- Mechanisms --
Contents note continued: Methods of Testing for Hormone Disruption -- Some Examples of Xenoestrogen Interactions with E2 Receptors In Vitro or Effects in In Vivo Tests -- Some Effects of Xenoestrogens on the Male Reproductive System -- Modulation of Hormone Activity through Effects on the Ah Receptor -- Estrogen/Androgen Effects -- Effects on Thyroid Function -- Plastic-Associated Chemicals -- Phytoestrogens -- Results of Human Studies on Xenoestrogens -- Males -- Females -- Effects of Xenoestrogens and Phytoestrogens in Livestock and Wildlife -- Problems in Interpreting and Extrapolating Results to the Human Setting -- Case Study 27 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Introduction -- Sources and Types of Radiation -- Sources -- Natural Sources of Radiation -- Man-Made Sources of Radiation -- Cause of Radiation -- Types of Radioactive Energy Resulting from Nuclear Decay -- Measurement of Radiation -- Measures of Energy -- Measures of Damage --
Contents note continued: Some Major Nuclear Disasters of Historic and Current Importance -- Hiroshima -- Hiroshima Update -- Three Mile Island -- Hanford Release -- Chernobyl -- Fukushima, Japan -- Radon Gas: The Natural Radiation -- Tissue Sensitivity to Radiation -- Microwaves -- Cell Phone Use and Brain Tumors -- Ultraviolet Radiation -- Medical Uses of UV Radiation -- Extra-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation -- Irradiation of Foodstuffs -- Irradiation of Insect Pests -- Case Study 28 -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Further Reading -- Gaia Hypothesis -- Chaos Theory -- Other Examples of Interconnected Systems -- Vicious Circle -- Domino Effects of Global Warming -- Feedback Loop -- Food Production and the Environment -- Meat versus Grain -- Genetically Modified Plant Foods -- The Environment and Cancer -- Further Reading -- Case Study 1 -- Case Study 2 -- Case Study 3 -- Case Study 4 -- Case Study 5 -- Case Study 6 -- Case Study 7 -- Case Study 8 -- Case Study 9 --
Contents note continued: Case Study 10 -- Case Study 11 -- Case Study 12 -- Case Study 13 -- Case Study 14 -- Case Studies 15 and 16 -- Case Study 17 -- Case Study 18 -- Case Study 19 -- Case Study 20 -- Case Study 21 -- Case Study 22 -- Case Study 23 -- Case Study 24 -- Case Study 25 -- Case Study 26 -- Case Study 27 -- Case Study 28 -- References.
Abstract:
"The third edition of a bestseller, this book describes how chemical toxins and biological hazards impact the environment and people. Addressing how pollutants can alter the environment by contributing to global climate change, the author explores a broad range of environmental and health aspects of chemical and biological hazards. He includes numerous examples of the intimate relationship between ecosystem health and human health and emphasizes the need to consider this relationship whenever human activities are likely to have a significant environmental impact"--
"1 1 Principles of Pharmacology and Toxicology The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy. Paracelsus, 1493-1541 Introduction The past century has seen a tremendous expansion in the number of synthetic chemicals employed by humankind as materials, drugs, preservatives for foods and other products, pesticides, cleaning agents, and even weapons of war. The American Chemical Society maintains a chemical registry. Since 1907 it has recorded 33 million organic and inorganic substances and 58 million sequences as of 2008. About 4000 new chemicals are added each day. A study by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency calculated that 13.4% of them possess acute toxicity, 2.5% reproductive toxicity, 3.9% are mutagens, 1.8% carcinogens, and 3.5% are dangerous to the aquatic environment. Four thousand chemicals are used as medicinals and at least 1200 more as household products. Add to this the numerous natural substances, both inorganic and organic, that possess toxic potential, and it is little wonder that the public expresses concern and even, sometimes, panic about the harmful effects these agents may exert on their health and on the environment. Tens of thousands of these agents have never been subjected to a thorough toxicity testing. According to the Danish study, thousands of chemicals are potential carcinogens but the number that has been confirmed to be human carcinogens is much smaller. About 500 chemicals have been evaluated for carcinogenic potential. Some 44 have been designated as possible human carcinogens on the basis of evidence, either limited or conclusive, obtained from human studies. "--