Search Results for African literature (English)SirsiDynix Enterprisehttps://libraryconnect.iie.ac.za/client/en_US/iie/iie/qu$003dAfrican$002bliterature$002b$002528English$002529$0026ps$003d300$0026isd$003dtrue?2025-05-03T20:49:48ZEnglish 2A. South African literature (ENGL6212).ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:222252025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Independent Institute of Education<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2019<br/>English 2A. South African Literature : ENG6112.ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:212872025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Independent Institute of Education.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2018<br/>Literature in english : African literature in novels, oral literatureent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:584012025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Bakuli, Stephen N<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2000<br/>The lion on the freeway : a thematic introduction to contemporary South African literature in Englishent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:266302025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Sheckels, Theodore F.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1996<br/>Essays on African writingent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:274202025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Gurnah, Abdulrazak, 1948-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021<br/>Current writing : text and reception in Southern Africa.ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:344112025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby University of Natal. Department of English.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2025<br/>Botsotso : contemporary South African culture.ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:174402025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48ZPoems from some back issue available online: <a href="http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/34377">http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/34377</a> <a href="http://www.botsotso.org.za/index.php?f_action=Index&f_menu_id=32">http://www.botsotso.org.za/index.php?f_action=Index&f_menu_id=32</a><br/>Format: Continuing Resources<br/>Publication Date 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021<br/>Senkatanaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:555422025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Mofokeng, S. Machabe, author.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2018<br/>Tears of the brainent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:555432025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Matsepe, O. K., author.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2018<br/>Introducing children's literature : a guide to South African classrooment://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:189902025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Evans, R. (Rinelle), 1956-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2017<br/>Conversations of motherhood : South African women's writing across traditionsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:547992025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Robbe, Ksenia, author.<br/><a href="http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027914001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA">Klappentext</a>
<a href="http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027914001&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA">Inhaltsverzeichnis</a><br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2015<br/>Language and translation in postcolonial literatures : multilingual contexts, translational textsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:506972025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Bertacco, Simona, 1971- editor.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2014<br/>A Concise Companion to Postcolonial Literature.ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:508642025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Chew, Shirley.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2014<br/>Publishing the postcolonial : Anglophone West African and Caribbean writing in the UK, 1948-1968ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:449422025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Low, Gail Ching-Liang.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2011<br/>Postcolonial literature and the impact of literacy : reading and writing in African and Caribbean fictionent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:478532025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Kortenaar, Neil ten.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2011<br/>The music in the ice : on writers, writing &amp; other thingsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:429332025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Watson, Stephen.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2010<br/>Langston Hughes and the South African Drum generation the correspondenceent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:441482025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967.<br/>MyiLibrary <a href="http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=299227">http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=299227</a><br/>Format: Electronic Resources<br/>Publication Date 2010<br/>Masculinities in African literary and cultural textsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:498982025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Mugambi, Helen Nabasuta.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2010<br/>Teaching African American women's writingent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:441942025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Wisker, Gina, 1951-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2010<br/>English for law studentsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:175322025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Van der Walt, C. (Christa)<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2009<br/>Women writing Africa : the northern regionent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:397512025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Sadiqi, Fatima.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2009<br/>Race and rhetoric in the Renaissance : barbarian errorsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:442152025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Smith, Ian, 1957 June 9-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2009<br/>Something torn and new : an African renaissanceent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:503582025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Ng?g? wa Thiong?o, 1938-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2009<br/>Africa writes back : the African Writers Series &amp; the launch of African literatureent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:351562025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Currey, James.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2008<br/>Africa writes back : the African writers series &amp; the launch of African literatureent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:394932025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Currey, James.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2008<br/>Love poem for my country : a poetry anthology for grade 12 : poems and study notesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:440342025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Bavasah, Zorina.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2008<br/>The animal gaze : animal subjectivities in southern African narrativesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:522052025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Woodward, Wendy.<br/>Contributor biographical information <a href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1402/2009372378-b.html">http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1402/2009372378-b.html</a>
Publisher description <a href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1402/2009372378-d.html">http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1402/2009372378-d.html</a><br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2008<br/>Scribbling the cat : travels with an African soldierent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:78072025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Fuller, Alexandra, 1969-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2008<br/>White writing : on the culture of letters in South Africaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:365232025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Coetzee, J. M., 1940-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2007<br/>Apartheid and beyond : South African writers and the politics of placeent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:376882025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Barnard, Rita.<br/>Table of contents only <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip068/2006003812.html">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip068/2006003812.html</a>
Publisher description <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0724/2006003812-d.html">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0724/2006003812-d.html</a>
Contributor biographical information <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0724/2006003812-b.html">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0724/2006003812-b.html</a><br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2007<br/>The nation's bounty : the Xhosa poetry of Nontsizi Mgqwethoent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:394292025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Mgqwetho, Nontsizi.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2007<br/>Women writing Africa. The eastern regionent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:397502025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Lihamba, Amandina.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2007<br/>Remembering the nation, dismembering women? : stories of the South African transitionent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:551052025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Samuelson, Meg.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2007<br/>New beginnings : short stories from Southern Africaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:210212025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Malan, Robin.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2006<br/>Utopian generations : the political horizon of twentieth-century literatureent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:312602025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Brown, Nicholas, 1971-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2006<br/>Nice times! : a book of South African pleasures and delightsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:124842025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Rose-Innes, Henrietta.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2006<br/>Flowers of the nationent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:91782025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Memela, Sandile.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2005<br/>After colonialism : African postmodernism and magical realisment://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:316302025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Gaylard, Gerald.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2005<br/>Predicaments of culture in South Africaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:352312025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Jamal, Ashraf.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2005<br/>Kirikou and the sorceressent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:495822025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Ocelot, Michel.<br/>Format: Video disc<br/>Publication Date 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001<br/>The languages & literatures of Africa : the sands of Babelent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:109792025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Ricard, Alain, 1945-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2004<br/>Writing in crisis : ethics and history in Gordimer, Ndebele, and Coetzeeent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:291842025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Helgesson, Stefan.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2004<br/>African oral story-telling tradition and the Zimbabwean novel in Englishent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:298332025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Vambe, Maurice Taonezvi.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2004<br/>The closest of strangers : South African women's life writingent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:305452025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Coullie, Judith Lütge.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2004<br/>Women writing Africa. The southern regionent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:162582025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Daymond, M. J. (Margaret J.)<br/>Table of contents <a href="http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009940536&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009940536&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</a>
Publisher description <a href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/description/cons041/2002029483.html">http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/description/cons041/2002029483.html</a><br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2003<br/>Identities : South African short storiesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:161472025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby De Kock, Leon.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2002<br/>Fertile crossings : metamorphoses of genre in anglophone West African literatureent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:266082025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Deandrea, Pietro.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2002<br/>Truth and reconciliation : the confessional mode in South African literatureent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:266202025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Gallagher, Susan V.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2002<br/>Culture, society, and politics in modern African literature : texts and contextsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:266252025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Ojaide, Tanure, 1948-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2002<br/>The dynamics of African feminism : defining and classifying African-feminist literaturesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269152025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Arndt, Susan.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2001<br/>Contemporary Jewish writing in South Africa : an anthologyent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:277832025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Braude, Claudia Bathsheba, 1967-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2001<br/>The dynamics of African feminism : defining and classifying African-feminist literaturesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:260902025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Arndt, Susan.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2001<br/>Meditations on African literatureent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:266102025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48ZFormat: Books<br/>Publication Date 2001<br/>Imagining Africa : landscape in H. Rider Haggard's African romancesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269322025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Stiebel, Lindy.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2001<br/>Running towards us : new writing from South Africaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:249482025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Balseiro, Isabel.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2000<br/>Thread in the loom : essays on African literature and cultureent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:266132025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Osundare, Niyi, 1947-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2000<br/>The companion to African literaturesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269162025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Killam, G. D.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2000<br/>Voices of the crossing : the impact of Britain on writers from Asia, the Caribbean, and Africaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269192025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Dennis, Ferdinand, 1956-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2000<br/>Midfielder's moment : coloured literature and culture in contemporary South Africaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:229282025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Farred, Grant.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 2000<br/>The blind men and the elephant and other essays in biographical criticisment://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269382025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Lindfors, Bernth.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1999<br/>Claiming history : colonialism, ethnography, and the novelent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269392025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Coundouriotis, Eleni.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1999<br/>Gender race and the writing of empire : public discourse and the Boer Warent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269402025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Krebs, Paula M.<br/>Publisher description <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam029/98047072.html">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam029/98047072.html</a>
Table of contents <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam023/98047072.html">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam023/98047072.html</a>
Sample text <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/98047072.html">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/98047072.html</a>
Book review (H-Net) <a href="http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0c2f3-aa">http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0c2f3-aa</a><br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1999<br/>Literature of Africa.ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269422025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48ZFormat: Books<br/>Publication Date 1999<br/>Opening spaces : an anthology of contemporary African women's writingsent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:273892025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Vera, Yvonne.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1999<br/>Routes of the roots : geography and literature in the English-speaking countriesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269262025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Zoppi, Isabella Maria.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1998<br/>The African novel in English : an introductionent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269222025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Booker, M. Keith.<br/>Book review (H-Net) <a href="http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0b0b4-aa">http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0b0b4-aa</a><br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1998<br/>From the margins of empire : Christina Stead, Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimerent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269482025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Yelin, Louise.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1998<br/>Deliver us from evil : scenes from a rural Transvaal upbringingent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:249222025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Masilela, Johnny, 1957-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1997<br/>The African novel and the modernist traditionent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269292025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Ker, David I., 1951-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1997<br/>Chinua Achebe : a biographyent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269572025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48ZFormat: Books<br/>Publication Date 1997<br/>Strategic transformations in Nigerian writing : orality &amp; history in the work of Rev. Samuel Johnson, Amos Tutuola, Wole Soyinka &amp; Ben Okrient://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:278252025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Quayson, Ato.<br/>Book review (H-Net) <a href="http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0a7v0-aa">http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0a7v0-aa</a><br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1997<br/>Southern African literaturesent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:269842025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Chapman, Michael (Michael J. F.)<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1996<br/>Colonization, violence, and narration in white South African writing : André Brink, Breyten Breytenbach, and J.M. Coetzeeent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:377162025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Jolly, Rosemary Jane, 1963-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1996<br/>New writing from Southern Africa : authors who have become prominent since 1980ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:389902025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Ngara, Emmanuel.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1996<br/>Sundiata : an epic of old Malient://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:240392025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Niane, Djibril Tamsir.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1994 1965<br/>The Heinemann book of African women's writingent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:272902025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Bruner, Charlotte H.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1993<br/>Binding cultures : Black women writers in Africa and the diasporaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:390202025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Wilentz, Gay Alden, 1950-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1992<br/>Subjects of slavery, agents of change : women and power in Gothic novels and slave narratives, 1790 - 1865ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:426542025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Winter, Kari J.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1992<br/>Mapmakers : writing in a state of siegeent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:46092025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Brink, André P. (André Philippus), 1935-2015.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1983<br/>Anthem of the decades : a Zulu epicent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:22025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Kunene, Mazisi.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1981<br/>New South African writing ;ent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:382772025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48ZFormat: Books<br/>Publication Date 1977<br/>Mission to Kalaent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:272882025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Beti, Mongo, 1932-<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1964<br/>South African poetry : a new anthologyent://SD_ILS/0/SD_ILS:177732025-05-03T20:49:48Z2025-05-03T20:49:48Zby Macnab, Roy Martin, 1923- compiler.<br/>Format: Books<br/>Publication Date 1948<br/>